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Grhyasutras (गृह्यसूत्राणि) (view source)

Revision as of 22:05, 17 January 2020

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→‎पाकयज्ञः Pakayajna
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Special attention is given to kamyakarmas done for fulfillment of certain desires, such as desire for prosperity of cattle, achievement of glory, gaining favour of certain people, appease an angry person, and desire to become a king.   
 
Special attention is given to kamyakarmas done for fulfillment of certain desires, such as desire for prosperity of cattle, achievement of glory, gaining favour of certain people, appease an angry person, and desire to become a king.   
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== References of Grhyasutras ==
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== गृह्यकर्माणि Grhyakarmas ==
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Like the Vedas, Grhyasutras are also handed down and preserved since ancient times through oral tradition. Transmission of what was studied, memorized and practiced manifested as the tradition or custom, which, was regarded as an authority of these rituals. This was the foundation of [[Sampradayas (सम्प्रदायाः)|Sampradayas]] which are the existing authorities in matters pertaining to Bharatiya culture and dharmas.  
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While the Shrauta sutras are based on the Shrutis, the Grhyasutras are said to rest on the Smrti texts, thus these grhya-karmani are said to be "Smartha" karmas. The authors of the Grhyasutras treat the subject matter of "grhya" very specifically denoted by their typical expressions such as those of
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* Ashvalayana starts with उक्तानि वैतानिकानि गृह्याणि वक्ष्यामः १<ref>Ashvalayana Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Full Text])</ref> meaning "the grhyani as distinguished from the vaitanikani (shrauta) are said"
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* Shankhayana says अथातः पाकयज्ञान्व्याख्यास्यामः १<ref>Shankhayana Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Full Text])</ref> meaning "now with the discussion of the pakayajnas"
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* Paraskara says, अथातो गृह्यस्थालीपाकानां कर्म १<ref>Paraskara Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Full Text])</ref> meaning "now of the grhyasthalipakanam karma".
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* Baudhayana directly starts with the differentiation of the Pakayajnas into seven and naming them, यथो एतद्धुतः प्रहुत आहुतश्शूलगवो बलिहरणं प्रत्यवरोहणमष्टकाहोम इति सप्त पाकयज्ञसंस्था इति ।१।<ref>Baudhayana Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4% Prashna 1])</ref>
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* Apastamba states his purpose succinctly, अथ कर्माण्याचाराद्यानि गृह्यन्ते १<ref>Apastamba Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Patala 1 Khanda 1])</ref> meaning "now the karmani (ceremonies) derived from acharas (customs) and other practices"
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* Gobhila states अथातो गृह्यकर्माण्युपदेक्ष्यामः १<ref>Gobhila Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4% Prapathaka 1])</ref> meaning "now the grhya ceremonies are given"
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We see from the above that the grhyasutras treat their subject pertaining broadly to grhya-karmani in exactly the same style in which the shrauta yajnas have been treated by the shrautasutras.
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Like the Vedas, Grhyasutras are also handed down and preserved since ancient times through oral tradition. Transmission of what was studied, memorized and practiced manifested as the tradition or custom, which, came to be regarded as an authority of these rituals. This was the foundation of [[Sampradayas (सम्प्रदायाः)|Sampradayas]] which are the present existing authorities in matters pertaining to Bharatiya culture and dharmas.  
    
=== Vedic References ===
 
=== Vedic References ===
 
The grhyasutras completely depend on the mantras from the [[Samhita (संहिता)|Samhitas]] of [[The Four Vedas (चतुर्वेदाः)|the four vedas]] on the occasion of the performance of the Grhya rituals.  
 
The grhyasutras completely depend on the mantras from the [[Samhita (संहिता)|Samhitas]] of [[The Four Vedas (चतुर्वेदाः)|the four vedas]] on the occasion of the performance of the Grhya rituals.  
 
* Mantras recited during marriage are seen from Rigveda (10.85).
 
* Mantras recited during marriage are seen from Rigveda (10.85).
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* The term "Pakayajna" is referred to in Taittriya samhita.
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* The term "Pakayajna" is referred to in Taittriya samhita and the Brahmanas.  
 
* Atharvaveda gives copious information about Grhya ritual described in Grhyasutras - marriage, Pumsavana, Jatakarma, Upanayana, Antyeshti, Godana, Astaka and so on.
 
* Atharvaveda gives copious information about Grhya ritual described in Grhyasutras - marriage, Pumsavana, Jatakarma, Upanayana, Antyeshti, Godana, Astaka and so on.
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* Brahmana texts mention a number of rites and rituals found in Grhyasutras.
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* Brahmana texts mention a number of rites and rituals found in Grhyasutras example, Agrahyana ceremony (Ait. Brah. 7.9, Kaus. Brah. 4.12, Tait. Samh. 5.7.2)
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* The Grhyagni - the grhya fire, is mentioned in Aitereya Brahmana (8.10) <ref>Aitareya Brahmana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A5%AE_(%E0%A4%85%E0 Panchika 8])</ref>गृहान्पश्चा'''द्गृह्यस्याग्ने'''रुपविष्टायान्वातब्धाय ऋत्विगन्ततः कंसेन चतुर्गृहीतस्तिस्र...।
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* The Agrayana ceremony that finds description in the Grhyasutra is mentioned in the Brahmanas (Ait. Brah. 7.9, Kaus. Brah. 4.12, Tait. Samh. 5.7.2)
   
* Sathapatha Brahmana discusses the [[Panchamahayajnas (पञ्चमहायज्ञाः)|Panchamahayajnas]], and [[Upanayana (उपनयनम्)|Upanayana]], Garbhadhana, Namakarana (of the samskaras) and others such as Soshyantikarman, Ayushyakarman, and Medhajanana.
 
* Sathapatha Brahmana discusses the [[Panchamahayajnas (पञ्चमहायज्ञाः)|Panchamahayajnas]], and [[Upanayana (उपनयनम्)|Upanayana]], Garbhadhana, Namakarana (of the samskaras) and others such as Soshyantikarman, Ayushyakarman, and Medhajanana.
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== Features of Grhyasutras ==
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== Shrauta and Grhyasutras ==
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Grhyasutras discuss about yajnas to be performed in domestic situations for short time periods, unlike the great yajnas like Asvamedha and Sattra yagas which are performed over a long time. According to Vachaspatya<ref>Vachaspatya (See explanation of the word [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8 Pakasanstha])</ref> Haarita describes the yajnas as a source of imperishable Dharma. <blockquote>पाकयज्ञान्यजेन्नित्यं हविर्यज्ञांश्च नित्यशः । सोमांश्च विधिपूर्वेण य इच्छेद्धर्ममव्ययम्।</blockquote>Pakayajnas have to be performed everyday, Haviryajnas constantly, Somayajnas are to be performed according to all vidhis (injunctions) prescribed, by one who desires Dharma in an imperishable form.
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Grhyasutras discuss about yajnas to be performed in domestic situations for short time periods, unlike the great yajnas like Asvamedha and Sattra yagas which are performed over a long time. They differ from the Shrauta yajnas in many ways.  
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{| class="wikitable"
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=== '''पाकयज्ञः'''  Pakayajna ===
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|+Differences between Shrauta and Grhya Karmas
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The technical term Pakayajna is used to refer to Grhyayajnas to distinguish them from the Shrauta yajnas. This term has been mentioned in Brahmana texts of the Vedas in a similar sense.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>...'''पाकयज्ञा''' इळामेवानु ये केच '''पाकयज्ञास्ते''' सर्वेऽग्निष्टोममपियन्ति सायम्प्रातरग्निहोत्रं जुह्वति सायम्प्रातर्व्रतम्प्रयछन्ति स्वाहाकारेणाग्निहोत्रं जुह्वति...। (Aite. Brah. 3.40)<ref>Aiteraya Brahmana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A5%A9_(%E0%A4%A4%E0 Panchika 3])</ref> Sat. Brah. 1.4.2.10 </blockquote><blockquote>Tait. Samh. 1.7.1.3</blockquote>
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!
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!Shrauta
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!Grhya
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|-
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|1
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|Derived from Shrutis
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|Derived from Smrtis
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|-
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|2
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|Involve complex Shrauta yajnas
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|Involve simple Grhya yajnas
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|-
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|3
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|Entirely based on the Brahmanas
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|Founded on Brahmanas to a certain extent
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|-
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|4
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|Majority of shrauta yajnas extend over a long time period (years more than ten)
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|Grhya yajnas typically are of short duration (days)
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|-
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|5
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|Scope includes broad section of the society
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|Scope is limited to individual and his family
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|-
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|6
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|Ceremonies pertaining to welfare of the society at large
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|Ceremonies pertaining to welfare of the individual (samskaras)
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|-
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|7
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|Rtviks of upto sixteen are required for the conduct of these yajnas
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|Yajamana himself performs the grhyakarmas
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|-
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|8
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|These are mostly optional, kamyakarmas performed with an intent
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|These are mostly obligatory nityakarmas while some are kamya karmas.
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|}
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
 
<references />
 
<references />
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