Changes

=== Education is a serious proposition ===

=== Education is a serious proposition ===

Though it was advocated that all people should receive the benefits of education, some checks were in place to avoid wastage of time on morally and intellectually unfit persons who were excluded from this benefit (Nirukta 2.4). Real scholarship was a serious path of great learning for the students. The path was designed to shape the moral, cultural and religious thinking of the student. Many early texts such as Vedas and [[Upanishads (उपनिषदः)|Upanishads]] (Taittriyopanishad mentions student characteristics in Shikshavalli) and the later ones such as Puranas, Mahabharata and more recent Subhashitas emphasize the rigor that was required for a student to gain scholarly attributes ([[Vidyarthi's Qualities (विद्यातुराणां लक्षणानि)|Vidyarthi's Qualities विद्यातुराणां लक्षणानि]]).<ref name=":0" /> The rich and the poor have both to submit to stern discipline in order to become learned. The testing procedures in earlier days were also quite rigorous and were mostly verbal.     

Though it was advocated that all people should receive the benefits of education, some checks were in place to avoid wastage of time on morally and intellectually unfit persons who were excluded from this benefit (Nirukta 2.4). Real scholarship was a serious path of great learning for the students. The path was designed to shape the moral, cultural and religious thinking of the student. Many early texts such as Vedas and [[Upanishads (उपनिषदः)|Upanishads]] (Taittriyopanishad mentions student characteristics in Shikshavalli) and the later ones such as Puranas, Mahabharata and more recent Subhashitas emphasize the rigor that was required for a student to gain scholarly attributes.<ref name=":0" /> The rich and the poor have both to submit to stern discipline in order to become learned. The testing procedures in earlier days were also quite rigorous and were mostly verbal.     

=== Studentship and Marriage are incompatible ===

=== Studentship and Marriage are incompatible ===

Manu views gentle persuasion of a student is a good way but eventually mild physical punishment is permitted. (2.159-61)   

Manu views gentle persuasion of a student is a good way but eventually mild physical punishment is permitted. (2.159-61)   

Gautama supports Manu's views but adds the legal perspective that stern punishment by a teacher attracts legal prosecution.<ref name=":7">Pandey, Umesh Chandra (1966 First Edition) ''Gautama Dharma-Sutra With the Mitakshara Sanskrit Commentary of Haradatta''. Varanasi : Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, ([https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.429882/page/n91 Page 27])</ref>  <blockquote>शिष्यशिष्टिरवधेन ॥  अशक्तौ रज्जुवेणुविदलाभ्यां तनुभ्याम् ॥ (Gaut. Dhar. Sutr. 1.2.48-49)</blockquote><blockquote>वधस्ताडनम् । अताडयता गुरुणा भर्त्सनादिभिः शिष्यः शास्यः॥ (Mita. Bhas. for Gaut. Dhar. Sutr. 1.2.48)</blockquote>Summary : A guru should discipline a shisya by such verbal criticism and remonstration without physical punishment. If a shishya cannot be brought under control by remonstration then using a thin bamboo stick or string he can be punished.<blockquote>अन्येन घ्नन् राज्ञा शास्यः ॥ (Gaut. Dhar. Sutr. 1.2.50)</blockquote><blockquote>हस्तादिना क्रोधवशेन ताडयन् राज्ञा शास्य आचार्यः । एवं शिष्यस्य गुरुकुले वास उक्तः ॥ (Mita. Bhas. for Gaut. Dhar. Sutr. 1.2.50)</blockquote>By other measures such as beating (with hands in anger) to discipline the shishsya attracts persecution of the Acharya by Raja (higher authority).<ref name=":7" />  

Gautama supports Manu's views but adds the legal perspective that stern punishment by a teacher attracts legal prosecution.<ref name=":7">Pandey, Umesh Chandra (1966 First Edition) ''Gautama Dharma-Sutra With the Mitakshara Sanskrit Commentary of Haradatta''. Varanasi : Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, ([https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.429882/page/n91 Page 27])</ref>  <blockquote>शिष्यशिष्टिरवधेन ॥  अशक्तौ रज्जुवेणुविदलाभ्यां तनुभ्याम् ॥ (Gaut. Dhar. Sutr. 1.2.48-49)</blockquote><blockquote>वधस्ताडनम् । अताडयता गुरुणा भर्त्सनादिभिः शिष्यः शास्यः॥ (Mita. Bhas. for Gaut. Dhar. Sutr. 1.2.48)</blockquote>Summary : A guru should discipline a shisya by such verbal criticism and remonstration without physical punishment. If a shishya cannot be brought under control by remonstration then using a thin bamboo stick or string he can be punished.<blockquote>अन्येन घ्नन् राज्ञा शास्यः ॥ (Gaut. Dhar. Sutr. 1.2.50)</blockquote><blockquote>हस्तादिना क्रोधवशेन ताडयन् राज्ञा शास्य आचार्यः । एवं शिष्यस्य गुरुकुले वास उक्तः ॥ (Mita. Bhas. for Gaut. Dhar. Sutr. 1.2.50)</blockquote>By other measures such as beating (with hands in anger) to discipline the shishsya attracts persecution of the Acharya by Raja (higher authority).<ref name=":7" />

=== Importance of habits, routine, imitation and association ===

=== विद्यातुराणां लक्षणानि ॥ Vidyarthi's Qualities ===

Ancient seers emphasized on the importance of habits, routine, imitation and association to secure ready cooperation of the shishya and have a positive outlook towards education.

== References ==

== References ==

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[[Category:Education Series]]

[[Category:Education Series]]