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Shraddha (श्राद्धम्) (view source)

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== श्राद्धकर्ता ॥ Shraddha Karta ==

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Manusmrti says, an agnihotri brahmana, having completed the Pitruyajna on a new moon day, should offer Pindanvaharya Shraddha (पिण्डान्वाहार्य-श्राद्धम् । the funeral ~~sacrifice~~) every month (Manu Smrt. 3.122).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>पितृयज्ञं तु निर्वर्त्य विप्रश्चन्द्रक्षयेऽग्निमान् । पिण्डान्वाहार्यकं श्राद्धं कुर्यान्मासानुमासिकम् ॥ ३.१२२ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>pitr̥yajñaṁ tu nirvartya vipraścandrakṣaye'gnimān । piṇḍānvāhāryakaṁ śrāddhaṁ kuryānmāsānumāsikam ॥ 3.122 ॥</blockquote>

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Manusmrti says, an agnihotri brahmana, having completed the Pitruyajna on a new moon day, should offer Pindanvaharya Shraddha (पिण्डान्वाहार्य-श्राद्धम् । the funeral offering) every month (Manu Smrt. 3.122).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>पितृयज्ञं तु निर्वर्त्य विप्रश्चन्द्रक्षयेऽग्निमान् । पिण्डान्वाहार्यकं श्राद्धं कुर्यान्मासानुमासिकम् ॥ ३.१२२ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>pitr̥yajñaṁ tu nirvartya vipraścandrakṣaye'gnimān । piṇḍānvāhāryakaṁ śrāddhaṁ kuryānmāsānumāsikam ॥ 3.122 ॥</blockquote>

== श्राद्धसमयः ॥ Appropriate time for Shraddha ==

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* The days of krshnapaksha beginning with the tenth until the new moon day, except the fourteenth day, are considered most pure for a funeral ~~sacrifice~~; none other is as pure (Manu Smrt. 3.276).<ref name=":1" />

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* The days of krshnapaksha beginning with the tenth until the new moon day, except the fourteenth day, are considered most pure for a funeral offering; none other is as pure (Manu Smrt. 3.276).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>कृष्णपक्षे दशम्यादौ वर्जयित्वा चतुर्दशीम् । श्राद्धे प्रशस्तास्तिथयो यथैता न तथेतराः || ३.२७६ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>kr̥ṣṇapakṣe daśamyādau varjayitvā caturdaśīm । śrāddhe praśastāstithayo yathaitā na tathetarāḥ || 3.276 ||</blockquote>

* One who performs shraddha on even days (like dvitiya | द्वितीया or chaturthi । चतुर्थी) and under the even constellations (like bharani । भरणी and rohini । रोहिणिः), gains the fulfilment of all his wishes; while the one who honours the forefathers on odd days (like pratipada । प्रतिपदा and trtiya । तृतीया) and under odd constellations (like Ashvini । अश्विनी and Krttika । कृत्तिका), obtains many progeny (Manu Smrt. 3.277).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>युक्षु कुर्वन्दिनर्क्षेषु सर्वान्कामान्समश्नुते । अयुक्षु तु पितॄन्सर्वान्प्रजां प्राप्नोति पुष्कलाम् || ३.२७७ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>yukṣu kurvandinarkṣeṣu sarvānkāmānsamaśnute । ayukṣu tu pitr̥̄nsarvānprajāṁ prāpnoti puṣkalām || 3.277 ||</blockquote>

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* Just as krshnapaksh is preferable than shuklapaksha for shraddha, similarly, the afternoon is considered a better time for the performance of a funeral ~~sacrifice~~ than the forenoon (Manu Smrt. 3.278).<ref name=":1" />

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* Just as krshnapaksh is preferable than shuklapaksha for shraddha, similarly, the afternoon is considered a better time for the performance of a funeral offering than the forenoon (Manu Smrt. 3.278).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>यथा चैवापरः पक्षः पूर्वपक्षाद्विशिष्यते । तथा श्राद्धस्य पूर्वाह्णादपराह्णो विशिष्यते || ३.२७८ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>yathā caivāparaḥ pakṣaḥ pūrvapakṣādviśiṣyate । tathā śrāddhasya pūrvāhṇādaparāhṇo viśiṣyate || 3.278 ||</blockquote>

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* One should not perform a funeral ~~sacrifice~~ at night, because that is the time of the rakshasas, neither during sunrise, sunset or just after the sun has risen (Manu Smrt. 3.280).<ref name=":1" />

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* One should not perform a funeral offering at night, because that is the time of the rakshasas, neither during sunrise, sunset or just after the sun has risen (Manu Smrt. 3.280).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>रात्रौ श्राद्धं न कुर्वीत राक्षसी कीर्तिता हि सा । सन्ध्ययोरुभयोश्चैव सूर्ये चैवाचिरोदिते || ३.२८० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>rātrau śrāddhaṁ na kurvīta rākṣasī kīrtitā hi sā । sandhyayorubhayoścaiva sūrye caivācirodite || 3.280 ||</blockquote>

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* If one is unable to offer a ~~funeral sacrifice~~ every month, according to the rules given above, one may do it thrice a year - in winter, in summer and in the rainy season. However, the [[Panchamahayajnas (पञ्चमहायज्ञाः)|Panchamahayajnas]] have to be performed every day (Manu Smrt. 3.281).<ref name=":1" />

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* If one is unable to offer a shraddha every month, according to the rules given above, one may do it thrice a year - in winter, in summer and in the rainy season. However, the [[Panchamahayajnas (पञ्चमहायज्ञाः)|Panchamahayajnas]] have to be performed every day (Manu Smrt. 3.281).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>अनेन विधिना श्राद्धं त्रिरब्दस्येह निर्वपेत् । हेमन्तग्रीष्मवर्षासु पाञ्चयज्ञिकमन्वहम् || ३.२८१ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>anena vidhinā śrāddhaṁ trirabdasyeha nirvapet । hemantagrīṣmavarṣāsu pāñcayajñikamanvaham || 3.281 ||</blockquote>

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* By the proper offering of sesame, rice and barley, masha, water, roots and fruits, men’s ancestors are satisfied for one month. (Manu Smrt. 3.267).<ref name=":2" />

<blockquote>तिलैर्व्रीहियवैर्माषैरद्भिर्मूलफलेन वा । दत्तेन मासं तृप्यन्ति विधिवत्पितरो नृनाम् || ३.२६७ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>tilairvrīhiyavairmāṣairadbhirmūlaphalena vā । dattena māsaṁ tr̥pyanti vidhivatpitaro nr̥nām || 3.267 ||</blockquote>

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* However, it is also said that, if a brahmana is unable to procure elaborate offerings, even if he satisfies the forefathers with water, he obtains thereby the whole reward for the performance of the shraddha. (Manu Smrt. 3.283).<ref name=":1" /> For, even water offered to these with ~~faith~~, in vessels, either made of silver or connected with silver, is conducive to imperishability. (Manu Smrt. 3.202).<ref name=":2" />

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* However, it is also said that, if a brahmana is unable to procure elaborate offerings, even if he satisfies the forefathers with water, he obtains thereby the whole reward for the performance of the shraddha. (Manu Smrt. 3.283).<ref name=":1" /> For, even water offered to these with belief, in vessels, either made of silver or connected with silver, is conducive to imperishability. (Manu Smrt. 3.202).<ref name=":2" />

<blockquote>यदेव तर्पयत्यद्भिः पितॄन्स्नात्वा द्विजोत्तमः । तेनैव कृत्स्नं आप्नोति पितृयज्ञक्रियाफलम् || ३.२८३ ||</blockquote><blockquote>राजतैर्भाजनैरेषां अथो वा रजतान्वितैः । वार्यपि श्रद्धया दत्तं अक्षयायोपकल्पते || ३.२०२ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>yadeva tarpayatyadbhiḥ pitr̥̄nsnātvā dvijottamaḥ । tenaiva kr̥tsnaṁ āpnoti pitr̥yajñakriyāphalam || 3.283 ||</blockquote><blockquote>rājatairbhājanaireṣāṁ atho vā rajatānvitaiḥ । vāryapi śraddhayā dattaṁ akṣayāyopakalpate || 3.202 ||</blockquote>

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* The afternoon time, kusha grass, cowdung smeared ~~sacrificial place~~, sesame grains, liberality in serving food, taste of prepared food and distinguished brahmanas are greatest at all funeral ~~sacrifices~~ (Manu Smrt. 3.255).<ref name=":1" />

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* The afternoon time, kusha grass, cowdung smeared yajna shala, sesame grains, liberality in serving food, taste of prepared food and distinguished brahmanas are greatest at all funeral offerings (Manu Smrt. 3.255).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>अपराह्णस्तथा दर्भा वास्तुसंपादनं तिलाः । सृष्टिर्मृष्टिर्द्विजाश्चाग्र्याः श्राद्धकर्मसु संपदः || ३.२५५ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>aparāhṇastathā darbhā vāstusaṁpādanaṁ tilāḥ । sr̥ṣṭirmr̥ṣṭirdvijāścāgryāḥ śrāddhakarmasu saṁpadaḥ || 3.255 ||</blockquote>

* In fact, it is said that, the ancestors pray that 'May our family be endowed with someone who will please us by giving payas (milk-rice) mixed with honey and clarified butter, on the thirteenth lunar day or when the shadow of an elephant falls towards the east.'(Manu Smrt. 3.274).<ref name=":1" /> Therefore, whatever thing, mixed with honey, one might offer on the thirteenth day of the month, during the rains, under the asterism of Magha,—that also would be imperishable. (Manu Smrt. 3.273).<ref name=":2" />

<blockquote>अपि नः स कुले भूयाद्यो नो दद्यात्त्रयोदशीम् । पायसं मधुसर्पिर्भ्यां प्राक्छाये कुञ्जरस्य च || ३.२७४ ||</blockquote><blockquote>यत्किं चिन्मधुना मिश्रं प्रदद्यात्तु त्रयोदशीम् । तदप्यक्षयं एव स्याद्वर्षासु च मघासु च || ३.२७३ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>api naḥ sa kule bhūyādyo no dadyāttrayodaśīm । pāyasaṁ madhusarpirbhyāṁ prākchāye kuñjarasya ca || 3.274 ||</blockquote><blockquote>yatkiṁ cinmadhunā miśraṁ pradadyāttu trayodaśīm । tadapyakṣayaṁ eva syādvarṣāsu ca maghāsu ca || 3.273 ||</blockquote>

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* However, whatever is given to the forefathers with utmost devotion and ~~faith~~, according to the prescribed rule, one gains countless fruits for that in the other world (Manu Smrt. 3.275).<ref name=":1" />

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* However, whatever is given to the forefathers with utmost devotion and belief, according to the prescribed rule, one gains countless fruits for that in the other world (Manu Smrt. 3.275).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>यद्यद्ददाति विधिवत्सम्यक्श्रद्धासमन्वितः । तत्तत्पितॄणां भवति परत्रानन्तमक्षयम् || ३.२७५ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>yadyaddadāti vidhivatsamyakśraddhāsamanvitaḥ । tattatpitr̥̄ṇāṁ bhavati paratrānantamakṣayam || 3.275 ||</blockquote>

== श्राद्धकार्यविधिः ॥ Shraddha Karya Vidhi ==

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* One should first perform a Devakarya (देवकार्यम् । offering in honour of the deities) as a protection for the offering to the forefathers; because the Rakshasas destroy a funeral ~~sacrifice~~ which is left without such a protection.Therefore, one should begin and end the shraddha with a rite in honour of the deities; and not with a rite to the forefathers; for he who makes it begin and end with a rite in honour of the forefathers, soon perishes together with his progeny (Manu Smrt. 3.204 and 3.205).<ref name=":1" />

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* One should first perform a Devakarya (देवकार्यम् । offering in honour of the deities) as a protection for the offering to the forefathers; because the Rakshasas destroy a funeral offering which is left without such a protection.Therefore, one should begin and end the shraddha with a rite in honour of the deities; and not with a rite to the forefathers; for he who makes it begin and end with a rite in honour of the forefathers, soon perishes together with his progeny (Manu Smrt. 3.204 and 3.205).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>तेषामारक्षभूतं तु पूर्वं दैवं नियोजयेत् । रक्षांसि हि विप्रलुम्पन्ति श्राद्धमारक्षवर्जितम् || ३.२०४ ||</blockquote><blockquote>दैवाद्यन्तं तदीहेत पित्राद्यन्तं न तद्भवेत् । पित्राद्यन्तं त्वीहमानः क्षिप्रं नश्यति सान्वयः || ३.२०५ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>teṣāmārakṣabhūtaṁ tu pūrvaṁ daivaṁ niyojayet । rakṣāṁsi hi vipralumpanti śrāddhamārakṣavarjitam || 3.204 ||</blockquote>

<blockquote>daivādyantaṁ tadīheta pitrādyantaṁ na tadbhavet । pitrādyantaṁ tvīhamānaḥ kṣipraṁ naśyati sānvayaḥ || 3.205 ||</blockquote>

* Then one should smear a pure and secluded place with cowdung, and carefully make it sloping towards the south. The forefathers are always pleased with offerings made in open, naturally pure places, on the banks of rivers, and in secluded spots (Manu Smrt. 3.206 and 3.207).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>शुचिं देशं विविक्तं च गोमयेनोपलेपयेत् । दक्षिनाप्रवणं चैव प्रयत्नेनोपपादयेत् || ३.२०६ ||</blockquote><blockquote>अवकाशेषु चोक्षेषु जलतीरेषु चैव हि । विविक्तेषु च तुष्यन्ति दत्तेन पितरः सदा || ३.२०७ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>śuciṁ deśaṁ viviktaṁ ca gomayenopalepayet । dakṣināpravaṇaṁ caiva prayatnenopapādayet || 3.206 || </blockquote><blockquote>avakāśeṣu cokṣeṣu jalatīreṣu caiva hi । vivikteṣu ca tuṣyanti dattena pitaraḥ sadā || 3.207 ||</blockquote>

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* Then one should make the invited brahmanas, sit down on separate, prepared seats of kusha grass. Having seated those virtuous brahmanas on their seats, he should honour them with fragrant perfumes, sandalwood, flowers, incense,etc beginning with those called in honour of the Vishvedevas followed by those for the Pitrus. (Manu Smrt. 3.208 and 3.209)<ref name=":1" />

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* Then one should make the invited brahmanas, sit down on separate, prepared seats of kusha grass. Having seated those virtuous brahmanas on their seats, he should honour them with fragrant perfumes, sandalwood, flowers, incense, etc beginning with those called in honour of the Vishvedevas followed by those for the Pitrus. (Manu Smrt. 3.208 and 3.209)<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>आसनेषूपक्ल्प्तेषु बर्हिष्मत्सु पृथक्पृथक् । उपस्पृष्टोदकान्सम्यग्विप्रांस्तानुपवेशयेत् || ३.२०८ ||</blockquote><blockquote>उपवेश्य तु तान्विप्रानासनेष्वजुगुप्सितान् । गन्धमाल्यैः सुरभिभिरर्चयेद्दैवपूर्वकम् || ३.२०९ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>āsaneṣūpaklpteṣu barhiṣmatsu pr̥thakpr̥thak । upaspr̥ṣṭodakānsamyagviprāṁstānupaveśayet || 3.208 ||</blockquote><blockquote>upaveśya tu tānviprānāsaneṣvajugupsitān । gandhamālyaiḥ surabhibhirarcayeddaivapūrvakam || 3.209 ||</blockquote>

* Having presented to them Arghya with sesame and blades of kusha grass, one should offer oblations in the sacred fire with the brahmanas called for the shraddha, after having taken permission from everyone. (Manu Smrt. 3.210).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>येषामुदकमानीय सपवित्रांस्तिलानपि । अग्नौ कुर्यादनुज्ञातो ब्राह्मणो ब्राह्मणैः सह || ३.२१० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>yeṣāmudakamānīya sapavitrāṁstilānapi । agnau kuryādanujñāto brāhmaṇo brāhmaṇaiḥ saha || 3.210 ||</blockquote>

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* One should first, please [[Agni (~~आग्निः~~)|Agni]], Soma and [[Yama (यमः)|Yama]] with oblations, afterwards one should satisfy the forefathers by offering of ~~sacrificial~~ food. But if no sacred fire is available, one shall place the three offerings into the hand of a brahmana; for brahmanas are considered a form of Agni. Also, Pitru karma (पितृकर्म) must not be made in laukika agni (लौकिक-अग्निः) and an Agnihotri (brahmana who keeps a sacred fire) may perform shraddha only on the new-moon day. (Manu Smrt. 3.211, 212 and 282).<ref name=":1" />

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* One should first, please [[Agni (अग्निः)|Agni]], [[Soma (सोमः)|Soma]] and [[Yama (यमः)|Yama]] with oblations, afterwards one should satisfy the forefathers by offering of food. But if no sacred fire is available, one shall place the three offerings into the hand of a brahmana; for brahmanas are considered a form of Agni. Also, Pitru karma (पितृकर्म) must not be made in laukika agni (लौकिक-अग्निः) and an Agnihotri (brahmana who keeps a sacred fire) may perform shraddha only on the new-moon day. (Manu Smrt. 3.211, 212 and 282).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>अग्नेः सोमयमाभ्यां च कृत्वाप्यायनमादितः । हविर्दानेन विधिवत्पश्चात्संतर्पयेत्पितॄन् || ३.२११ ||</blockquote><blockquote>अग्न्यभावे तु विप्रस्य पाणावेवोपपादयेत् । यो ह्यग्निः स द्विजो विप्रैर्मन्त्रदर्शिभिरुच्यते || ३.२१२ ||</blockquote><blockquote>न पैतृयज्ञियो होमो लौकिकेऽग्नौ विधीयते । न दर्शेन विना श्राद्धमाहिताग्नेर्द्विजन्मनः || ३.२८२ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>agneḥ somayamābhyāṁ ca kr̥tvāpyāyanaṁ āditaḥ । havirdānena vidhivatpaścātsaṁtarpayetpitr̥̄n || 3.211 ||</blockquote><blockquote>agnyabhāve tu viprasya pāṇāvevopapādayet । yo hyagniḥ sa dvijo viprairmantradarśibhirucyate || 3.212 ||</blockquote><blockquote>na paitr̥yajñiyo homo laukike'gnau vidhīyate । na darśena vinā śrāddhaṁ āhitāgnerdvijanmanaḥ || 3.282 ||</blockquote>

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* After giving the two oblations in the fire for the forefathers and other ceremonies in such a manner that they end in the south, one should sprinkle water with his right hand on the spot where the pindas are to be placed.Then having made three portions out of the remainder of that ~~sacrificial~~ food, one must, concentrating his mind and turning towards the south, place them on Kusha grass exactly in the same manner in which water was poured. (Manu Smrt. 3.214 and 215)<ref name=":1" />

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* After giving the two oblations in the fire for the forefathers and other ceremonies in such a manner that they end in the south, one should sprinkle water with his right hand on the spot where the pindas are to be placed. Then having made three portions out of the remainder of that food offering, one must, concentrating his mind and turning towards the south, place them on Kusha grass exactly in the same manner in which water was poured. (Manu Smrt. 3.214 and 215)<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>अपसव्यमग्नौ कृत्वा सर्वमावृत्य विक्रमम् । अपसव्येन हस्तेन निर्वपेदुदकं भुवि || ३.२१४ ||</blockquote><blockquote>त्रींस्तु तस्माद्धविःशेषात्पिण्डान्कृत्वा समाहितः । औदकेनैव विधिना निर्वपेद्दक्षिणामुखः || ३.२१५ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>apasavyamagnau kr̥tvā sarvamāvr̥tya vikramam । apasavyena hastena nirvapedudakaṁ bhuvi || 3.214 ||</blockquote><blockquote>trīṁstu tasmāddhaviḥśeṣātpiṇḍānkr̥tvā samāhitaḥ । audakenaiva vidhinā nirvapeddakṣiṇāmukhaḥ || 3.215 ||</blockquote>

* Having placed the pindas according to the prescribed rule, one should wash the same hand near those blades of Kusha grass for the sake of the three ancestors (beginning with the great grand father) who partake of the lepa (Manu Smrt. 3.216)<ref name=":1" />

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* Then one should gently pour out the water remaining in the pindadana (पिण्डदानम्) vessel near the pindas, and then smell those pindas, in the same order in which they were placed. Later taking successively very small portions from the pindas, one should first make those seated brahmanas eat them. Meaning, one portion of the pinda offered to the pitru should be given to the corresponding brahmana seated on his behalf (Manu Smrt. 3.218 and 3.219)<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>उदकं निनयेच्छेषं शनैः पिण्डान्तिके पुनः । अवजिघ्रेच्च तान्पिण्डान्यथान्युप्तान्समाहितः || ३.२१८ ||</blockquote><blockquote>पिण्डेभ्यस्त्वल्पिकां मात्रां समादायानुपूर्वशः । तानेव विप्रानासीनान्विधिवत्पूर्वमाशयेत् || ३.२१९ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>udakaṁ ninayeccheṣaṁ śanaiḥ piṇḍāntike punaḥ । avajighrecca tānpiṇḍānyathānyuptānsamāhitaḥ || 3.218 ||</blockquote><blockquote>piṇḍebhyastvalpikāṁ mātrāṁ samādāyānupūrvaśaḥ । tāneva viprānāsīnānvidhivatpūrvamāśayet || 3.219 ||</blockquote>

−

* If the ~~sacrificer~~'s father is living, he must offer shraddha to three ancestors beginning with the grandfather; or he may feed his own father as the brahmana invited in his position. But he whose father is dead, while his grandfather lives, should, after pronouncing his father's name, mention the name of his great-grandfather. According to Manu, either the grandfather may eat at that Shraddha as a brahmana guest, or the ~~sacrificer~~ having received his permission, may perform shraddha of two previous ancestors (Manu Smrt. 3.220, 221 and 222).<ref name=":1" />

+

* If the yajamana's father is living, he must offer shraddha to three ancestors beginning with the grandfather; or he may feed his own father as the brahmana invited in his position. But he whose father is dead, while his grandfather lives, should, after pronouncing his father's name, mention the name of his great-grandfather. According to Manu, either the grandfather may eat at that Shraddha as a brahmana guest, or the yajamana having received his permission, may perform shraddha of two previous ancestors (Manu Smrt. 3.220, 221 and 222).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>ध्रियमाणे तु पितरि पूर्वेषां एव निर्वपेत् । विप्रवद्वापि तं श्राद्धे स्वकं पितरमाशयेत् || ३.२२० ||</blockquote><blockquote>पिता यस्य निवृत्तः स्याज्जीवेच्चापि पितामहः । पितुः स नाम सङ्कीर्त्य कीर्तयेत्प्रपितामहम् || ३.२२१ ||</blockquote><blockquote>पितामहो वा तच्छ्राद्धं भुञ्जीतेत्यब्रवीन्मनुः । कामं वा समनुज्ञातः स्वयं एव समाचरेत् || ३.२२२ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>dhriyamāṇe tu pitari pūrveṣāṁ eva nirvapet । vipravadvāpi taṁ śrāddhe svakaṁ pitaramāśayet || 3.220 ||</blockquote><blockquote>pitā yasya nivr̥ttaḥ syājjīveccāpi pitāmahaḥ । pituḥ sa nāma saṅkīrtya kīrtayetprapitāmaham || 3.221 ||</blockquote><blockquote>pitāmaho vā tacchrāddhaṁ bhuñjītetyabravīnmanuḥ । kāmaṁ vā samanujñātaḥ svayaṁ eva samācaret || 3.222 ||</blockquote>

* Having poured water mixed with sesame, in which a blade of kusha grass has been placed, into the hands of the brahmanas, one should give the top portion of the pinda to the three brahmanas, saying, 'To the pitrus, Svadha !'(Manu Smrt. 3.223)<ref name=":1" />

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* Then carrying the vessel filled with food with both hands, one should gently place it before the brahmanas. If the food is not brought with two hands, the wicked rakshasas take away that food (Manu Smrt. 3.224 and 225).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>पाणिभ्यां तूपसंगृह्य स्वयमन्नस्य वर्धितम् । विप्रान्तिके पितॄन्ध्यायन्शनकैरुपनिक्षिपेत् || ३.२२४ ||</blockquote><blockquote>उभयोर्हस्तयोर्मुक्तं यदन्नमुपनीयते । तद्विप्रलुम्पन्त्यसुराः सहसा दुष्टचेतसः || ३.२२५ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>pāṇibhyāṁ tūpasaṁgr̥hya svayaṁ annasya vardhitam । viprāntike pitr̥̄ndhyāyanśanakairupanikṣipet || 3.224 ||</blockquote><blockquote>ubhayorhastayormuktaṁ yadannamupanīyate । tadvipralumpantyasurāḥ sahasā duṣṭacetasaḥ || 3.225 ||</blockquote>

−

* The ~~sacrificer~~ should carefully keep the preparations of vegetables, pulses etc as well as milk, curd, clarified butter and honey on the ground (Manu Smrt. 3.226)<ref name=":1" />

+

* The yajamana should carefully keep the preparations of vegetables, pulses etc as well as milk, curd, clarified butter and honey on the ground (Manu Smrt. 3.226)<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>गुणांश्च सूपशाकाद्यान्पयो दधि घृतं मधु । विन्यसेत्प्रयतः पूर्वं भूमावेव समाहितः || ३.२२६ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>guṇāṁśca sūpaśākādyānpayo dadhi ghr̥taṁ madhu । vinyasetprayataḥ pūrvaṁ bhūmāveva samāhitaḥ || 3.226 ||</blockquote>

* All this one should present to one's guests (the brahmanas) by proclaiming the qualities of each dish (Manu Smrt. 3.228).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>उपनीय तु तत्सर्वं शनकैः सुसमाहितः । परिवेषयेत प्रयतो गुणान्सर्वान्प्रचोदयन् || ३.२२८ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>upanīya tu tatsarvaṁ śanakaiḥ susamāhitaḥ । pariveṣayeta prayato guṇānsarvānpracodayan || 3.228 ||</blockquote>

−

* One should never drop a tear, become angry or utter an untruth, nor touch the food with his foot or toss it in the air especially while serving in the shraddha. Because, a tear sends the food to the Pretas, anger to the enemies, falsehood to the dogs, by hitting with foot sends it to the Rakshasas and tossing it takes it to the ~~sinners~~ (instead of the pitrus) (Manu Smrt. 3.229 and 230).<ref name=":1" />

+

* One should never drop a tear, become angry or utter an untruth, nor touch the food with his foot or toss it in the air especially while serving in the shraddha. Because, a tear sends the food to the Pretas, anger to the enemies, falsehood to the dogs, by hitting with foot sends it to the Rakshasas and tossing it takes it to the papis (instead of the pitrus) (Manu Smrt. 3.229 and 230).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>नास्रमापातयेज्जातु न कुप्येन्नानृतं वदेत् । न पादेन स्पृशेदन्नं न चैतदवधूनयेत् || ३.२२९ ||</blockquote><blockquote>अस्रं गमयति प्रेतान्कोपोऽरीननृतं शुनः । पादस्पर्शस्तु रक्षांसि दुष्कृतीनवधूननम् || ३.२३० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>nāsramāpātayejjātu na kupyennānr̥taṁ vadet । na pādena spr̥śedannaṁ na caitadavadhūnayet || 3.229 ||</blockquote><blockquote>asraṁ gamayati pretānkopo'rīnanr̥taṁ śunaḥ । pādasparśastu rakṣāṁsi duṣkr̥tīnavadhūnanam || 3.230 ||</blockquote>

−

* Whatever may please the Brahmanas, that food should be served well. One should also say stories of Ishvara (ईश्वरः), for that is pleasurable to the forefathers. Infact, (at ~~a sacrifice~~ in honour of the forefathers), one must let his guests hear the vedas, dharma shastras, akhyanas (आख्यान-s | legends), itihasas, [[Puranas (पुराणानि)|Puranas]], etc. So, one should delight the brahmanas, serve them food gradually and by repeatedly praising the qualities of the food, encourage them to eat more (Manu Smrt. 3.231, 232 and 233).<ref name=":1" />

+

* Whatever may please the Brahmanas, that food should be served well. One should also say stories of Ishvara (ईश्वरः), for that is pleasurable to the forefathers. Infact, (at an offering in honour of the forefathers), one must let his guests hear the [[Vedas (वेदाः)|vedas]], dharma shastras, akhyanas (आख्यान-s | legends), [[Itihasa (इतिहासः)|itihasas]], [[Puranas (पुराणानि)|Puranas]], etc. So, one should delight the brahmanas, serve them food gradually and by repeatedly praising the qualities of the food, encourage them to eat more (Manu Smrt. 3.231, 232 and 233).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>यद्यद्रोचेत विप्रेभ्यस्तत्तद्दद्यादमत्सरः । ब्रह्मोद्याश्च कथाः कुर्यात्पितॄणां एतदीप्सितम् || ३.२३१ ||</blockquote><blockquote>स्वाध्यायं श्रावयेत्पित्र्ये धर्मशास्त्राणि चैव हि । आख्यानानीतिहासांश्च पुराणानि खिलानि च || ३.२३२ ||</blockquote><blockquote>हर्षयेद्ब्राह्मणांस्तुष्टो भोजयेच्च शनैःशनैः । अन्नाद्येनासकृच्चैतान्गुणैश्च परिचोदयेत् || ३.२३३ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>yadyadroceta viprebhyastattaddadyādamatsaraḥ । brahmodyāśca kathāḥ kuryātpitr̥̄ṇāṁ etadīpsitam || 3.231 ||</blockquote>

<blockquote>svādhyāyaṁ śrāvayetpitrye dharmaśāstrāṇi caiva hi । ākhyānānītihāsāṁśca purāṇāni khilāni ca || 3.232 ||</blockquote><blockquote>harṣayedbrāhmaṇāṁstuṣṭo bhojayecca śanaiḥśanaiḥ । annādyenāsakr̥ccaitānguṇaiśca paricodayet || 3.233 ||</blockquote>

−

* One should promptly feed a daughter's son at a funeral ~~sacrifice~~, even if he be a student (brahmachari). For him to sit, one must offer a blanket made near the himalayas and sprinkle sesame grains on the place of shraddha. At a shraddha, a daughter's son, a blanket and sesame grains are considered pure. And purity, absence of anger and patience are praised (Manu Smrt. 3.234 and 235).<ref name=":1" />

+

* One should promptly feed a daughter's son at a funeral offering, even if he be a student (brahmachari). For him to sit, one must offer a blanket made near the himalayas and sprinkle sesame grains on the place of shraddha. At a shraddha, a daughter's son, a blanket and sesame grains are considered pure. And purity, absence of anger and patience are praised (Manu Smrt. 3.234 and 235).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>व्रतस्थमपि दौहित्रं श्राद्धे यत्नेन भोजयेत् । कुतपं चासनं दद्यात्तिलैश्च विकिरेन्महीम् || ३.२३४ ||</blockquote><blockquote>त्रीणि श्राद्धे पवित्राणि दौहित्रः कुतपस्तिलाः । त्रीणि चात्र प्रशंसन्ति शौचमक्रोधमत्वराम् || ३.२३५ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>vratasthaṁ api dauhitraṁ śrāddhe yatnena bhojayet । kutapaṁ cāsanaṁ dadyāttilaiśca vikirenmahīm || 3.234 ||</blockquote><blockquote>trīṇi śrāddhe pavitrāṇi dauhitraḥ kutapastilāḥ । trīṇi cātra praśaṁsanti śaucamakrodhamatvarām || 3.235 ||</blockquote>

* If a brahmana or an ascetic comes for food at the time of brahmana bhojana ritual, one may, with the permission of the invited brahmana guests, honour him according to his ability (Manu Smrt. 3.243)<ref name=":1" />

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* One should mix the leftovers of all the kinds of food together, sprinkle them with water and put it in front of the brahmanas and some of them on the kusha grass (Manu Smrt. 3.244)<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>सार्ववर्णिकमन्नाद्यं संनीयाप्लाव्य वारिणा । समुत्सृजेद्भुक्तवतामग्रतो विकिरन्भुवि || ३.२४४ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>sārvavarṇikamannādyaṁ saṁnīyāplāvya vāriṇā । samutsr̥jedbhuktavatāmagrato vikiranbhuvi || 3.244 ||</blockquote>

−

* Until the performance of Sapindikarana (सपिण्डीकरणम्), one must perform shraddha without vishvedeva and feed at the funeral ~~sacrifice~~ one brahmana with food and one pinda. Once the Sapindikarana of the deceased has been performed, according to the shraddha ritual, the sons must offer pindas on the new moon day (Man Smrt. 3.248).<ref name=":1" />

+

* Until the performance of Sapindikarana (सपिण्डीकरणम्), one must perform shraddha without vishvedeva and feed at the funeral offering one brahmana with food and one pinda. Once the Sapindikarana of the deceased has been performed, according to the shraddha ritual, the sons must offer pindas on the new moon day (Man Smrt. 3.248).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>आसपिण्डक्रियाकर्म द्विजातेः संस्थितस्य तु । अदैवं भोजयेच्छ्राद्धं पिण्डम् एकं च निर्वपेत् || ३.२४७ ||</blockquote><blockquote>सहपिण्डक्रियायां तु कृतायामस्य धर्मतः । अनयैवावृता कार्यं पिण्डनिर्वपनं सुतैः || ३.२४८ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>āsapiṇḍakriyākarma dvijāteḥ saṁsthitasya tu । adaivaṁ bhojayecchrāddhaṁ piṇḍam ekaṁ ca nirvapet || 3.247 ||</blockquote><blockquote>sahapiṇḍakriyāyāṁ tu kr̥tāyāmasya dharmataḥ । anayaivāvr̥tā kāryaṁ piṇḍanirvapanaṁ sutaiḥ || 3.248 ||</blockquote>

* Having asked the question, 'Have you dined well?' to the well fed brahmana guests, one must get them to do achamana and give them a send off saying 'May you do as you please' (Manu Smrt. 3.251)<ref name=":1" />

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* One must ask the satisfaction of the invited brahmanas by saying, 'Svaditam' at a Shraddha in honour of the forefathers, at a Goshthi-shraddha by saying sushrutam; at a Vriddhi-shraddha, sampannam; and at a rite in honour of the deities, ruchitam (Manu Smrt. 3.254)<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>पित्र्ये स्वदितम् इत्येव वाच्यं गोष्ठे तु सुशृतम् । संपन्नम् इत्यभ्युदये दैवे रुचितम् इत्यपि || ३.२५४ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>पित्र्ये स्वदितम् इत्येव वाच्यं गोष्ठे तु सुशृतम् । संपन्नम् इत्यभ्युदये दैवे रुचितम् इत्यपि || ३.२५४ ||</blockquote>

−

* Having sent the invited brahmanas back, one should carefully take a bath and standing towards the south, ask these blessings of the forefathers: 'May our race see generous men ! May our study of the vedas and our progeny increase ! May we never forsake ~~faith from~~ the vaidika activity ! May we have enough riches to provide to our successors !' (Manu Smrt. 3.259).<ref name=":1" />

+

* Having sent the invited brahmanas back, one should carefully take a bath and standing towards the south, ask these blessings of the forefathers: 'May our race see generous men ! May our study of the vedas and our progeny increase ! May we never forsake the vaidika activity ! May we have enough riches to provide to our successors !' (Manu Smrt. 3.259).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>विसृज्य ब्राह्मणांस्तांस्तु नियतो वाग्यतः शुचिः । दक्षिणां दिशमाकाङ्क्षन्याचेतेमान्वरान्पितॄन् || ३.२५८ ||</blockquote><blockquote>दातारो नोऽभिवर्धन्तां वेदाः संततिरेव च । श्रद्धा च नो मा व्यगमद्बहुदेयं च नोऽस्त्विति || ३.२५९ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>visr̥jya brāhmaṇāṁstāṁstu niyato vāgyataḥ śuciḥ । dakṣiṇāṁ diśamākāṅkṣanyācetemānvarānpitr̥̄n || 3.258 ||</blockquote><blockquote>dātāro no'bhivardhantāṁ vedāḥ saṁtatireva ca । śraddhā ca no mā vyagamadbahudeyaṁ ca no'stviti || 3.259 ||</blockquote>

* Having thus completed the shraddha offering, one should offer the pindas to a cow, a brahmana or a goat, or offer it to the sacred fire or water. Some make the offering of the pindas before the brahmana bhojana; some offer it for birds to eat or some leave it into fire or water (Manu Smrt. 3.260 and 261).<ref name=":1" />

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== श्राद्धभोजनम् ॥ Shraddha Bhojana ==

Manusmrti talks in detail about who and how many brahmanas must be fed on the occasion of the monthly shraddha called Pindanvaharya (पिण्डान्वहार्यम्), who must be avoided, and what kind of food should be served, etc. (Manu Smrt. 3.124).<ref name=":1" /> Some of the rules pertaining to Shraddha Bhojana are enumerated below.

−

* It is said that one must feed two brahmanas at the offering to the deities, and three at the offering to the forefathers, or one each on either occasion; even a wealthy man must not entertain a large gathering of brahmanas. Because expanding the scale of ~~sacrifice~~ destroys five things - appropriate treatment of the invited, place, time, purity and presence of the most virtuous brahmana as guests; one should not, therefore, seek to entertain a large company (Manu 3.125 and 126).<ref name=":1" />

+

* It is said that one must feed two brahmanas at the offering to the deities, and three at the offering to the forefathers, or one each on either occasion; even a wealthy man must not entertain a large gathering of brahmanas. Because expanding the scale of yajna destroys five things - appropriate treatment of the invited, place, time, purity and presence of the most virtuous brahmana as guests; one should not, therefore, seek to entertain a large company (Manu 3.125 and 126).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>द्वौ दैवे पितृकार्ये त्रीनेकैकमुभयत्र वा । भोजयेत्सुसमृद्धोऽपि न प्रसज्जेत विस्तरे ॥ ३.१२५ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>सत्क्रियां देशकालौ च शौचं ब्राह्मणसंपदः । पञ्चैतान्विस्तरो हन्ति तस्मान्नेहेत विस्तरम् ॥ ३.१२६ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>dvau daive pitr̥kārye trīnekaikamubhayatra vā । bhojayetsusamr̥ddho'pi na prasajjeta vistare ॥ 3.125 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>satkriyāṁ deśakālau ca śaucaṁ brāhmaṇasaṁpadaḥ । pañcaitānvistaro hanti tasmānneheta vistaram ॥ 3.126 ॥</blockquote>

−

* Therefore, one must feed atleast one brahmana in honour of the forefathers at the shraddha, which is a part of the five great ~~sacrifices~~ (Manu Smrt. 3.83).<ref name=":1" />

+

* Therefore, one must feed atleast one brahmana in honour of the forefathers at the shraddha, which is a part of the five great yajnas (Manu Smrt. 3.83).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>एकमप्याशयेद्विप्रं पित्रर्थे पाञ्चयज्ञिके ॥ ३.८३ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>ekamapyāśayedvipraṁ pitrarthe pāñcayajñike ॥ 3.83 ॥</blockquote>

* All the food must be kept hot, and the guests shall eat in silence; even if the yajamana (यजमानः) asks about the qualities of the food, the brahmanas must refrain from saying anything; meaning, one must avoid unnecessary banter during the feast. Because, as long as the food remains warm, the brahmanas eat in silence and the qualities of the food are not proclaimed, only until then the forefathers partake of the food. While, the fruit of what a brahmana eats by tying a cloth around the head, facing the south and wearing his sandals goes to the rakshasas (Manu Smrt. 3.236, 237 and 238).<ref name=":1" />

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=== श्राद्धभोजनाधिकारी ॥ Shraddha Bhojana Adhikari ===

−

* Food in honour of the deities (havya । हव्यः) and the forefathers (kavya । कव्यः) must be given to a brahmana high in knowledge alone and not to a fool. Infact, it is said that, the fruit of ten lakh brahmanas, unacquainted with the vedas, dining at a funeral ~~sacrifice~~ is obtained when a single brahmana learned in the veda is fed. Therefore, one is advised to feed well at a Shraddha, a Rigvedi brahmana (an adherent of the [[Rigveda]]), Yajurvedi brahmana (a follower of the Yajurveda) or a Samavedi brahmana (a singer of Samans). Because, even if one of these three brahmanas obtains food and honour at a shraddha, the seven generations of ancestors of that ~~sacrificer~~ are satisfied (Manu Smrt. 3.132, 131, 145, 146).<ref name=":1" />

+

* Food in honour of the deities (havya । हव्यः) and the forefathers (kavya । कव्यः) must be given to a brahmana high in knowledge alone and not to a fool. Infact, it is said that, the fruit of ten lakh brahmanas, unacquainted with the vedas, dining at a funeral offering is obtained when a single brahmana learned in the veda is fed. Therefore, one is advised to feed well at a Shraddha, a Rigvedi brahmana (an adherent of the [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rigveda]]), Yajurvedi brahmana (a follower of the [[Yajurveda (यजुर्वेदः)|Yajurveda]]) or a Samavedi brahmana (a singer of Samans). Because, even if one of these three brahmanas obtains food and honour at a shraddha, the seven generations of ancestors of that yajamana are satisfied (Manu Smrt. 3.132, 131, 145, 146).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>ज्ञानोत्कृष्टाय देयानि कव्यानि च हवींषि च ॥ ३.१३२ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>सहस्रं हि सहस्राणामनृचां यत्र भुञ्जते । एकस्तान्मन्त्रवित्प्रीतः सर्वानर्हति धर्मतः ॥ ३.१३१ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>यत्नेन भोजयेच्छ्राद्धे बह्वृचं वेदपारगम् । शाखान्तगमथाध्वर्युं छन्दोगं तु समाप्तिकम् ॥ ३.१४५ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>एषामन्यतमो यस्य भुञ्जीत श्राद्धमर्चितः । पितॄणां तस्य तृप्तिः स्याच्छाश्वती साप्तपौरुषी ॥ ३.१४६ ॥<ref name=":0" /> </blockquote><blockquote>jñānotkr̥ṣṭāya deyāni kavyāni ca havīṁṣi ca ॥ 3.132 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>sahasraṁ hi sahasrāṇāmanr̥cāṁ yatra bhuñjate । ekastānmantravitprītaḥ sarvānarhati dharmataḥ ॥ 3.131 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>yatnena bhojayecchrāddhe bahvr̥caṁ vedapāragam । śākhāntagamathādhvaryuṁ chandogaṁ tu samāptikam ॥ 3.145 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>eṣāmanyatamo yasya bhuñjīta śrāddhamarcitaḥ । pitr̥̄ṇāṁ tasya tr̥ptiḥ syācchāśvatī sāptapauruṣī ॥ 3.146 ॥</blockquote>This is the chief rule for the performance of havya and kavya. While, the subsidiary rule expected to be followed by virtuous men are as follows.(Manu Smrt. 3.147). <ref name=":1" />

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* If none of the brahmanas mentioned above are available, then one may feed one's maternal grandfather, a maternal uncle, a sister's son, a father-in-law, one's teacher, a son-in-law, an aunt's son, [[Rtvik (ऋत्विक्)|Rtvik]] and the performer of the ~~sacrifice~~ (Manu Smrt 3.148).<ref name=":1" />

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* If none of the brahmanas mentioned above are available, then one may feed one's maternal grandfather, a maternal uncle, a sister's son, a father-in-law, one's teacher, a son-in-law, an aunt's son, [[Rtvik (ऋत्विक्)|Rtvik]] and the performer of the yajna (Manu Smrt 3.148).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>मातामहं मातुलं च स्वस्रीयं श्वशुरं गुरुम् । दौहित्रं विट्पतिं बन्धुं ऋत्विग्याज्यौ च भोजयेत् ॥ ३.१४८ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>mātāmahaṁ mātulaṁ ca svasrīyaṁ śvaśuraṁ gurum । dauhitraṁ viṭpatiṁ bandhuṁ r̥tvigyājyau ca bhojayet ॥ 3.148 ॥</blockquote>

* Some brahmanas are devoted to Atmajnana (आत्मज्ञानम् । self-realisation), some are eager in the performance of tapa (तपस् । austerities); some devoted to tapa and svadhyaya (स्वाध्यायः । rigorous study of the vedas) while some are bound to karma. In oblations to the forefathers, the one focused on atmajnana is ought to be fed. While all four of them must dine in the offerings to the deities. Therefore, one is advised to have a brahmana from a lineage of knowers of the vedas. For, he is the medium of food offered to the deities or to the forefathers (Manu 3.134, 135 and 130).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>ज्ञाननिष्ठा द्विजाः के चित्तपोनिष्ठास्तथापरे । तपःस्वाध्यायनिष्ठाश्च कर्मनिष्ठास्तथापरे ॥ ३.१३४ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>ज्ञाननिष्ठेषु कव्यानि प्रतिष्ठाप्यानि यत्नतः । हव्यानि तु यथान्यायं सर्वेष्वेव चतुर्ष्वपि ॥ ३.१३५ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>दूरादेव परीक्षेत ब्राह्मणं वेदपारगम् । तीर्थं तद्धव्यकव्यानां प्रदाने सोऽतिथिः स्मृतः ॥ ३.१३० ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>jñānaniṣṭhā dvijāḥ ke cittaponiṣṭhāstathāpare । tapaḥsvādhyāyaniṣṭhāśca karmaniṣṭhāstathāpare ॥ 3.134 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>jñānaniṣṭheṣu kavyāni pratiṣṭhāpyāni yatnataḥ । havyāni tu yathānyāyaṁ sarveṣveva caturṣvapi ॥ 3.135 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>dūrādeva parīkṣeta brāhmaṇaṁ vedapāragam । tīrthaṁ taddhavyakavyānāṁ pradāne so'tithiḥ smr̥taḥ ॥ 3.130 ॥</blockquote>

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* It is said that, for a rite sacred to the deities, one need not make detailed inquiries regarding an invited brahmana; however, in a ceremony in honour of the forefathers, one must carefully examine the invited guest. ~~Incase~~, the father is ignorant of the sacred texts but son has learnt vedas and similarly, when a son is ignorant of the vedas but the father is well versed in the same, know that, he whose father knows the veda, is venerable while the other is worthy of honour too (Manu 3.149, 136 and 137).<ref name=":1" />

+

* It is said that, for a rite sacred to the deities, one need not make detailed inquiries regarding an invited brahmana; however, in a ceremony in honour of the forefathers, one must carefully examine the invited guest. In case, the father is ignorant of the sacred texts but son has learnt vedas and similarly, when a son is ignorant of the vedas but the father is well versed in the same, know that, he whose father knows the veda, is venerable while the other is worthy of honour too (Manu 3.149, 136 and 137).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>न ब्राह्मणं परीक्षेत दैवे कर्मणि धर्मवित् । पित्र्ये कर्मणि तु प्राप्ते परीक्षेत प्रयत्नतः ॥ ३.१४९ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>अश्रोत्रियः पिता यस्य पुत्रः स्याद्वेदपारगः । अश्रोत्रियो वा पुत्रः स्यात्पिता स्याद्वेदपारगः ॥ ३.१३६ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>ज्यायांसमनयोर्विद्याद्यस्य स्याच्छ्रोत्रियः पिता । मन्त्रसंपूजनार्थं तु सत्कारम् इतरोऽर्हति ॥ ३.१३७ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>na brāhmaṇaṁ parīkṣeta daive karmaṇi dharmavit । pitrye karmaṇi tu prāpte parīkṣeta prayatnataḥ ॥ 3.149 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>aśrotriyaḥ pitā yasya putraḥ syādvedapāragaḥ । aśrotriyo vā putraḥ syātpitā syādvedapāragaḥ ॥ 3.136 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>jyāyāṁsamanayorvidyādyasya syācchrotriyaḥ pitā । mantrasaṁpūjanārthaṁ tu satkāram itaro'rhati ॥ 3.137 ॥</blockquote>

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* One should not feed a friend at a funeral ~~sacrifice~~; one should feed a brahmana who is neither a foe nor a friend. For, the fruits of feeding only friends in funeral ~~sacrifices~~ and [[Yajna (यज्ञः)|Yajnas]] (यज्ञ-s), is not rewarded in the other world. In fact, the ignorant one who builds friendships through a funeral ~~sacrifice~~, doesn't obtain heaven. And the shraddha food offered to friends is called as 'Paishachi Dakshina' (पैशाची-दक्षिणा) which like a alone blind cow staying in the same stable, remains in this world (Manu Smrt. 3.138, 139, 140 and 141).<ref name=":1" />

+

* One should not feed a friend at a funeral offering; one should feed a brahmana who is neither a foe nor a friend. For, the fruits of feeding only friends in funeral offerings and [[Yajna (यज्ञः)|Yajnas]] (यज्ञ-s), is not rewarded in the other world. In fact, the ignorant one who builds friendships through a funeral offering, doesn't obtain heaven. And the shraddha food offered to friends is called as 'Paishachi Dakshina' (पैशाची-दक्षिणा) which like a alone blind cow staying in the same stable, remains in this world (Manu Smrt. 3.138, 139, 140 and 141).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>न श्राद्धे भोजयेन्मित्रं धनैः कार्योऽस्य संग्रहः । नारिं न मित्रं यं विद्यात्तं श्राद्धे भोजयेद्द्विजम् ॥ ३.१३८ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>यस्य मित्रप्रधानानि श्राद्धानि च हवींषि च । तस्य प्रेत्य फलं नास्ति श्राद्धेषु च हविःषु च ॥ ३.१३९ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>यः संगतानि कुरुते मोहाच्छ्राद्धेन मानवः । स स्वर्गाच्च्यवते लोकाच्छ्राद्धमित्रो द्विजाधमः ॥ ३.१४० ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>संभोजानि साभिहिता पैशाची दक्षिणा द्विजैः । इहैवास्ते तु सा लोके गौरन्धेवैकवेश्मनि ॥ ३.१४१ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>na śrāddhe bhojayenmitraṁ dhanaiḥ kāryo'sya saṁgrahaḥ । nāriṁ na mitraṁ yaṁ vidyāttaṁ śrāddhe bhojayeddvijam ॥ 3.138 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>yasya mitrapradhānāni śrāddhāni ca havīṁṣi ca । tasya pretya phalaṁ nāsti śrāddheṣu ca haviḥṣu ca ॥ 3.139 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>yaḥ saṁgatāni kurute mohācchrāddhena mānavaḥ । sa svargāccyavate lokācchrāddhamitro dvijādhamaḥ ॥ 3.140 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>saṁbhojāni sābhihitā paiśācī dakṣiṇā dvijaiḥ । ihaivāste tu sā loke gaurandhevaikaveśmani ॥ 3.141 ॥</blockquote>

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}}

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According to Manusmrti, a knowledgeable brahmana should shun at ~~sacrifices~~ to the deities and to the forefathers the above mentioned lowly brahmanas of spoilt conduct and those who are unworthy of sitting in the company of shraddha bhojana. Because, a brahmana who has not read the vedas is as lifeless as an extinguished fire of dry grass; And ~~a sacrifice~~ is never made in ashes (Manu Smrt. 3.167 and 168).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>एतान्विगर्हिताचारानपाङ्क्तेयान्द्विजाधमान् । द्विजातिप्रवरो विद्वानुभयत्र विवर्जयेत् || ३.१६७ ||</blockquote><blockquote>ब्राह्मणो त्वनधीयानस्तृणाग्निरिव शाम्यति । तस्मै हव्यं न दातव्यं न हि भस्मनि हूयते || ३.१६८ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>etānvigarhitācārānapāṅkteyāndvijādhamān । dvijātipravaro vidvānubhayatra vivarjayet || 3.167 ||</blockquote><blockquote>brāhmaṇo tvanadhīyānastr̥ṇāgniriva śāmyati । tasmai havyaṁ na dātavyaṁ na hi bhasmani hūyate || 3.168 ||</blockquote>

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According to Manusmrti, a knowledgeable brahmana should shun at yajnas to the deities and to the forefathers the above mentioned lowly brahmanas of spoilt conduct and those who are unworthy of sitting in the company of shraddha bhojana. Because, a brahmana who has not read the vedas is as lifeless as an extinguished fire of dry grass; And an offering is never made in ashes (Manu Smrt. 3.167 and 168).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>एतान्विगर्हिताचारानपाङ्क्तेयान्द्विजाधमान् । द्विजातिप्रवरो विद्वानुभयत्र विवर्जयेत् || ३.१६७ ||</blockquote><blockquote>ब्राह्मणो त्वनधीयानस्तृणाग्निरिव शाम्यति । तस्मै हव्यं न दातव्यं न हि भस्मनि हूयते || ३.१६८ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>etānvigarhitācārānapāṅkteyāndvijādhamān । dvijātipravaro vidvānubhayatra vivarjayet || 3.167 ||</blockquote><blockquote>brāhmaṇo tvanadhīyānastr̥ṇāgniriva śāmyati । tasmai havyaṁ na dātavyaṁ na hi bhasmani hūyate || 3.168 ||</blockquote>

==== अनधिकारीभोजनफलम् ॥ Results of giving food to the unworthy ====

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== श्राद्धफलम् ॥ The fruit of Shraddha ==

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* The one who performs rite for the dead, called Pitru karma (the ~~sacrifice~~ sacred to the forefathers) on the new-moon day, always obtains fruits of this world (Manu Smrt 3.127).<ref name=":1" />

+

* The one who performs rite for the dead, called Pitru karma (the rite sacred to the forefathers) on the new-moon day, always obtains fruits of this world (Manu Smrt 3.127).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>प्रथिता प्रेतकृत्यैषा पित्र्यं नाम विधुक्षये । तस्मिन्युक्तस्यैति नित्यं प्रेतकृत्यैव लौकिकी ॥ ३.१२७ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>prathitā pretakr̥tyaiṣā pitryaṁ nāma vidhukṣaye । tasminyuktasyaiti nityaṁ pretakr̥tyaiva laukikī ॥ 3.127 ॥</blockquote>

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* Food and other things in the rites to deities and the forefathers must be presented to brahmanas who are vedapathis (recitators of Veda) and virtuous alone; for, such is the gift that yields the greatest reward. Hence, it is said, feeding even one learned brahmana at the ~~sacrifice~~ to the deities and forefathers yields great reward which cannot be obtained even by feeding many ignorant ones. Just as a one reaps no harvest by sowing the seed in barren soil, similarly, the giver of ~~sacrificial~~ food gains no reward if he presented it to an ignorant unacquainted with the Vedas. However, a present made in accordance with the rules to a learned man, makes the giver and the recipient partakers of rewards in both this world and the other. (Manu Smrt 3.128, 129, 142 and 143).<ref name=":1" />

+

* Food and other things in the rites to deities and the forefathers must be presented to brahmanas who are vedapathis (recitators of Veda) and virtuous alone; for, such is the gift that yields the greatest reward. Hence, it is said, feeding even one learned brahmana at the offering to the deities and forefathers yields great reward which cannot be obtained even by feeding many ignorant ones. Just as one reaps no harvest by sowing the seed in barren soil, similarly, the giver of food offering gains no reward if he presented it to an ignorant unacquainted with the Vedas. However, a present made in accordance with the rules to a learned man, makes the giver and the recipient partakers of rewards in both this world and the other. (Manu Smrt 3.128, 129, 142 and 143).<ref name=":1" />

<blockquote>श्रोत्रियायैव देयानि हव्यकव्यानि दातृभिः । अर्हत्तमाय विप्राय तस्मै दत्तं महाफलम् ॥ ३.१२८ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>एकैकमपि विद्वांसं दैवे पित्र्ये च भोजयेत् । पुष्कलं फलमप्नोति नामन्त्रज्ञान्बहूनपि ॥ ३.१२९ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>यथेरिणे बीजमुप्त्वा न वप्ता लभते फलम् । तथानृचे हविर्दत्त्वा न दाता लभते फलम् ॥ ३.१४२ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>दातॄन्प्रतिग्रहीतॄंश्च कुरुते फलभागिनः । विदुषे दक्षिणां दत्त्वा विधिवत्प्रेत्य चेह च ॥ ३.१४३ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>śrotriyāyaiva deyāni havyakavyāni dātr̥bhiḥ । arhattamāya viprāya tasmai dattaṁ mahāphalam ॥ 3.128 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>ekaikamapi vidvāṁsaṁ daive pitrye ca bhojayet । puṣkalaṁ phalamapnoti nāmantrajñānbahūnapi ॥ 3.129 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>yatheriṇe bījamuptvā na vaptā labhate phalam । tathānr̥ce havirdattvā na dātā labhate phalam ॥ 3.142 ॥व्</blockquote><blockquote>dātr̥̄npratigrahītr̥̄ṁśca kurute phalabhāginaḥ । viduṣe dakṣiṇāṁ dattvā vidhivatpretya ceha ca ॥ 3.143 ॥</blockquote>

* However, if no learned Brahmana is available, one may rather honour a friend than a learned enemy, for that bears no reward. (Manu Smrt. 3.144).<ref name=":1" />

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