Indra and Vrtrasura (इन्द्रः वृत्रासुरः च)

Vrttrasura (Samskrit : वृत्रासुरः) the son of Tvastr Prajapati, is an important asuric force about whom mantras are mentioned extensively in the Rig Veda. Indra, slays Vrttra with his Vajraayudha and is greatly praised for his valor and deeds in many suktas of Rig Veda. Indra as a lokapalaka and devaloka rakshaka plays a very important role in protection of Dharma and its followers such as other devatas, rishis and pious people. It is to be noted here that Vrttra came into being with the sole aim of killing Indra.

परिचय ||Introduction

The most important work of Indra is to stop those energies and powers which are against the flow of life or creation. There is no other personality who is given more importance than Vrttra in the Vedas and there is no other symbolic story as is Vrttraasura vadha or killing of Vrttra.

Vedas describe a continuous battle between  Asuras (demons) and suras (devas).  Every moments result of the battle decides whether there will be flow of life or a regression. There are varieties in the asuric powers or asuric energy. Amongst them Vritra is most important.

व्युत्पत्तिः || Etymology

Vritra has been defined by Yaska as follows

तत्को वृत्रः। मेघ इति नैरुक्ताः । त्वाष्ट्रोऽसुर इत्यैतिहासिकाः । अपां च ज्योतिषश्च मिश्रीभावकर्मणो वर्षकर्म जायते । तत्रोपमार्थेन युद्धवर्णा भवन्ति । (Nirukta 2.16)

tatkō vr̥traḥ। mēgha iti nairuktāḥ । tvāṣṭrō'sura ityaitihāsikāḥ । apāṁ ca jyōtiṣaśca miśrībhāvakarmaṇō varṣakarma jāyatē । tatrōpamārthēna yuddhavarṇā bhavanti । (Nirukta 2.16)

Meaning : Nirukta defines Vrttra as the cloud, which is a water body. From the historical perspective Vrttra is Tvaashtra (the son of Tvashtra). A combination of water and lightning (electricity) gives rise to the process of rain and this process is used as a simili to describe a war.

इन्द्रवृत्रयोः युद्धविचारः || Indra and Vrttra War Viewpoint

In Taitreya Samhita and Satapata Brahamana the fight between Indra and Vrttra, the cause and consequences of the battle, has been described.

Sruti explains in many places

na tvam yuyuthse katham usche nahan narhate tete mitro maghavan kascanasti mayatsyani yuyudhyahuhu nadya shatrum na purayu yutsuhu Shatpata Brahman 12.1.6.10

The Rig veda mantras also describe the symbolism of the wars of Indra as follows

यदचरस्तन्वा वावृधानो बलानीन्द्र प्रब्रुवाणो जनेषु । मायेत्सा ते यानि युद्धान्याहुर्नाद्य शत्रुं ननु पुरा विवित्से ।। (Rig Veda 10.54.2)

yadacarastanvā vāvr̥dhānō balānīndra prabruvāṇō janēṣu । māyētsā tē yāni yuddhānyāhurnādya śatruṁ nanu purā vivitsē ।। (Rig Veda 10.54.2)

Meaning 2nd line: Hey Indra you don’t have a battle with anyone, and even so how can any enemy match you? All those who say you fought battles are nothing but maya (illusion) for you do not have any enemies in the past?

Vrttrasura Vadha as in Taitreya Samhita

In Taitreya Samhita the story is mentioned in this way: Trashtra prajapathi had a son named Vishwarupa.  

वि॒श्वरू॑पो॒ वै त्वा॒ष्ट्रः पु॒रोहि॑तो दे॒वाना॑मासीथ्स्व॒स्रीयोऽसु॑राणा॒न्तस्य॒ त्रीणि॑ शी॒ऱ्षाण्या॑सन्थ्सोम॒पान सुरा॒पान॑म॒न्नाद॑न॒॒ स प्र॒त्यख्षं॑ दे॒वेभ्यो॑ भा॒गम॑वदत्प॒रोख्ष॒मसु॑रेभ्यः॒ सर्व॑स्मै॒ वै प्र॒त्यख्ष॑म्भा॒गं व॑दन्ति॒ यस्मा॑ ए॒व प॒रोख्षं॒ वद॑न्ति॒ तस्य॑ भा॒ग उ॑दि॒तस्तस्मा॒दिन्द्रो॑ऽबिभेदी॒दृङ्वै रा॒ष्ट्रं वि प॒र्याव॑र्तय॒तीति॒ तस्य॒ वज्र॑मा॒दाय॑ शी॒ऱ्षाण्य॑च्छिन॒द्यथ्सो॑म॒पानम् [1] (Arsheya System 1.2.22.1 and Saraswat system 1.2.5.1.1)  

Once the purohit of the devathas: Brihaspati, being angry, he left his priestly work and so the devathas invited Vishwarupa as their priest and Vishwarupa had some inclination towards the demons. Therefore without the devathas noticing, he would offer some of the oblations to the asuras, which was arranged by, devas.

When Indra got to know about this, he was furious and killed Vishwarupa. When Trashtra got to know about this, he was very upset and performed a yajna to get a son who could kill Indra. Trashtra perfomed yajna without inviting Indra. He did not invite him to drink Soma pana. Indra told Trashtra that he should invite him and Trashtra said since you have killed my son, I’ll not and he performed his yajna without Indra and Indra by force without the permission of Trashtra drank Soma pana during the conclusion of yajna.  

त्वष्टा॑ ह॒तपु॑त्रो॒ वीन्द्र॒॒ सोम॒माह॑र॒त्तस्मि॒न्निन्द्र॑ उपह॒वमैच्छत॒ तं नोपाह्वयत पु॒त्रम्मे॑ऽवधी॒रिति॒ स य॑ज्ञवेश॒सं कृ॒त्वा प्रा॒सहा॒ सोम॑मपिब॒त्तस्य॒ यद॒त्यशि॑ष्यत॒ तत्त्वष्टा॑हव॒नीय॒मुप॒ प्राव॑र्तय॒त्स्वाहेन्द्र॑शत्रुर्वर्ध॒स्वेति॒ स याव॑दू॒र्ध्वः प॑रा॒विध्य॑ति॒ ताव॑ति स्व॒यमे॒व व्य॑रमत॒ यदि॑ वा॒ ताव॑त्प्रव॒णम् [36] Arsheya System 4.5.36.1 and Saraswat system 1.2.4.12.1)  

Being angry with Indra, Trashtra used left over Soma and invoked Havan-agni and took that left over soma and went to ahavana agni and then he blazed the fire and performed the homa and chanted sva indra chatru vardhasya. While chanting this mantra there was some mistake in pronunciation and because of that mispronunciation, the entire meaning got changed. Instead of let there be a son who could kill indra, it became, let there be a son who will be killed by Indra. Instantly, Vritra was born and started expanding over the entire universe.  

Vajraayudha

आसी॒द्यदि॑ वा॒ ताव॒दध्य॒ग्नेरासी॒त्स स॒म्भव॑न्न॒ग्नीषोमा॑व॒भि सम॑भव॒त्स इ॑षुमा॒त्रमि॑षुमात्र॒व्विँष्व॑ङ्ङवर्धत॒ स इ॒माल्लोँ॒कान॑वृणो॒द्यदि॒माल्लोँ॒कानवृ॑णो॒त्तद्वृ॒त्रस्य॑ वृत्र॒त्वन्तस्मा॒दिन्द्रो॑ऽबिभे॒दपि॒ त्वष्टा॒ तस्मै॒ त्वष्टा॒ वज्र॑मसिञ्च॒त्तपो॒ वै स वज्र॑ आसी॒त्तमुद्य॑न्तुं॒ नाश॑क्नो॒दथ॒ वै तऱ्हि॒ विष्णुः॑ [37] Arsheya system 4.5.36.2 and Saraswat System 1.2.4.12.2)  

Vrithra means one who grows or goes in circles and Indra was unable to control the Vritra. Meanwhile Vritra’s father, Trashtra became repentant and became fearful and he gave a special thunderbolt and made it powerful by invoking certain mantras and offered it to Indra. Vedas describe Vajrayudha as "tapovysa vajra asit" meaning "tapasaya itself is the Vajrayudha (thunderbolt). Indra could not lift Vajrayudha and prayed to Srimahavisnu.  

अ॒न्या दे॒वता॑सी॒त्सोऽब्रवी॒द्विष्ण॒वेही॒दमा ह॑रिष्यावो॒ येना॒यमि॒दमिति॒ स विष्णु॑स्त्रे॒धात्मानं॒ वि न्य॑धत्त पृथि॒व्यां तृती॑यम॒न्तरि॑ख्षे॒ तृती॑यं दि॒वि तृती॑यमभिपर्याव॒र्ताद्ध्यबि॑भे॒द्यत्पृ॑थि॒व्यां तृती॑य॒मासी॒त्तेनेन्द्रो॒ वज्र॒मुद॑यच्छ॒द्विष्ण्व॑नुस्थितः॒ सोऽब्रवी॒न्मा मे॒ प्र हा॒रस्ति॒ वा इ॒दम् [38] (Arsheya system 4.5.36.3 and Saraswat System 1.2.4.12.3) 

Mahavisnu pleased with Indra's and prayers of other devatas, divided himself into 3 parts "विष्णु॑स्त्रे॒धात्मानं॒" Vishnus tredhatmanam. It indicates His Trivikrama tattva. One third part of Vishnu's energy was placed in the earth, another one third in devaloka and the last third was placed in the Antariksha or Space.  

मयि॑ वी॒र्यं॑ तत्ते॒ प्र दास्या॒मीति॒ तद॑स्मै॒ प्राय॑च्छ॒त्तत्प्रत्य॑गृह्णा॒दधा॒ मेति॒ तद्विष्ण॒वेति॒ प्राय॑च्छ॒त्तद्विष्णुः॒ प्रत्य॑गृह्णाद॒स्मास्विन्द्र॑ इन्द्रि॒यं द॑धा॒त्विति॒ यद॒न्तरि॑ख्षे॒ तृती॑य॒मासी॒त्तेनेन्द्रो॒ वज्र॒मुद॑यच्छ॒द्विष्ण्व॑नुस्थितः॒ सोऽब्रवी॒न्मा मे॒ प्र हा॒रस्ति॒ वा इ॒दम् [39] (Arsheya system 4.5.36.4 and Saraswat System 1.2.4.12.4) 

मयि॑ वी॒र्यं॑ तत्ते॒ प्र दास्या॒मीति॒ तद॑स्मै॒ प्राय॑च्छ॒त्तत्प्रत्य॑गृह्णा॒द्द्विर्मा॑धा॒ इति॒ तद्विष्ण॒वेति॒ प्राय॑च्छ॒त्तद्विष्णुः॒ प्रत्य॑गृह्णाद॒स्मास्विन्द्र॑ इन्द्रि॒यं द॑धा॒त्विति॒ यद्दि॒वि तृती॑य॒मासी॒त्तेनेन्द्रो॒ वज्र॒मुद॑यच्छ॒द्विष्ण्व॑नुस्थितः॒ सोऽब्रवी॒न्मा मे॒ प्र हा॒र्येना॒हम् [40] (Arsheya system 4.5.36.5 and Saraswat System 1.2.4.12.5) 

Indra then merged himself with Visnu's energy of prithvi and with that strength was able to lift the vajrayudha. Seeing this Vrttra removed himself from the earth and continued the battle in space and in heavenly planets. Indra with the blessing of Mahavishnu then defeated Vritra who entered into a truce with indra. 

वृ॒त्रः क्षु॒त्खलु॒ Vritra is Hunger

इ॒दमस्मि॒ तत्ते॒ प्र दास्या॒मीति॒ त्वी (३) इत्य॑ब्रवीत्स॒न्धान्तु सं द॑धावहै॒ त्वामे॒व प्र वि॑शा॒नीति॒ यन्माम्प्र॑वि॒शेः किम्मा॑ भुञ्ज्या॒ इत्य॑ब्रवी॒त्त्वामे॒वेन्धी॑य॒ तव॒ भोगा॑य॒ त्वाम्प्र वि॑शेय॒मित्य॑ब्रवी॒त्तव्वृँ॒त्रः प्रावि॑शदु॒दरं॒ वै वृ॒त्रः ख्षुत्खलु॒ वै म॑नु॒ष्य॑स्य॒ भ्रातृ॑व्यो॒ यः [41] (Arsheya system 4.5.36.6 and Saraswat System 1.2.4.12.6)  

Vritrasura said allow me to enter into your body. Indra asked him what will you do with me? Will you eat me? Vritra replied that he will become the fire in the stomach, as hunger (jataragni) in humanbeings.  

In this way Vritra entered into the body of Indra and the living entities and continues to stay in the form of hunger. He is called as भ्रातृ॑व्यो॒ brathravya and those who understand this, they will conquer hunger.  

ए॒वं वेद॒ हन्ति॒ ख्षुध॒म्भ्रातृ॑व्य॒न्तद॑स्मै॒ प्राय॑च्छ॒त्तत्प्रत्य॑गृह्णा॒त्त्रिर्मा॑धा॒ इति॒ तद्विष्ण॒वेति॒ प्राय॑च्छ॒त्तद्विष्णु॒ः प्रत्य॑गृह्णाद॒स्मास्विन्द्र॑ इन्द्रि॒यं द॑धा॒त्विति॒ यत्त्रिः प्राय॑च्छ॒त्त्रिः प्र॒त्यगृ॑ह्णा॒त्तत्त्रि॒धातो॑स्त्रिधातु॒त्वं यद्विष्णु॑र॒न्वति॑ष्ठत॒ विष्ण॒वेति॒ प्राय॑च्छ॒त्तस्मा॑दैन्द्रावैष्ण॒वद्ग ह॒विर्भ॑वति॒ यद्वा इ॒दं किंच॒ तद॑स्मै॒ तत्प्राय॑च्छ॒दृच॒ः सामा॑नि॒ यजूद्गं॑षि स॒हस्रं॒ वा अ॑स्मै॒ तत्प्राय॑च्छ॒त्तस्मा॑त्स॒हस्र॑दक्षिणम् [42] (Arsheya system 4.5.36.7 and Saraswat System 1.2.4.12.7)  

In this way because of accepting the valor of Vritra three times through Indra, Visnu is called Tridaatu. Also the special ingredient called purodasa is offered to Indra and Vsnu, therefore also it is called trudatu uktahaa vith tridathu. In this episode, the main cause of Indra’s valor is Visnu himself.  

It should be noted that Vritra was though killed in historic perspective, was not killed but was given a place in every living entity as hunger. Therefore the disturbance to the living entity is an eternal experience in this world, symbolically, hunger is the sign of dissatisfaction. Similarly, hunger is not just limited to physical hunger but is connected to insatiable wants and desires. Lust and anger are insatiable hunger.  

क्षुद्रोगौ कामक्रोधौ Kaama and Krodha - Insatiable Hunger

Shrimad Bhagavad Gita explains

काम एष क्रोध एष रजोगुणसमुद्भवः । महाशनो महापाप्मा विद्ध्येनमिह वैरिणम् ॥ (Bhag. Gita. 3.37)

Meaning : Bhagavan explains 'Kaama (Desire) and Krodha (wrath or anger) arise from Rajoguna. They are all-consuming, all-polluting, know that they are one's greatest enemy.' Here Bhagavan explains about the sins and delusions.

In the 16th chapter of Bhagavad Gita it is explained:

काममाश्रित्य दुष्पूरं दम्भमानमदान्विताः । मोहाद्गृहीत्वासद्ग्राहान्प्रवर्तन्तेऽशुचिव्रताः ॥ (Bhag. Gita. 16.10)

Meaning : Contained with insatiable desire, intoxicated with pride, and deceitful, these ignorant ones (people) gripped with illusionary false goals pursue impure sinful activities.

Kaama is thus compared to the inexhaustible fire. Those afflicted with the hunger of Kama and Krodha it is said are afflicted by ghost. Vritra is such a ghost constantly inhabiting the mind and soul of the human being. He is the eternal enemy (with kama, krodha) and personification of sins.

Discussion

According to Dr K L Narayanacharya's view (Veda Samskrita Parichaya) : To consider that Vritra was in charge of one of the tribes before Aryans came to India and the fight between Vrtra and Indra — who is portrayed as the God of the Aryans viewing the entire episode from a modern historical perspective and concluding that Indra is a historical person - one should very well see these the import of these Rig Veda mantras.

Indra, the most amazing power and energy assuming different kinds of forms for the sake of well-being of the universe, is an aspect mentioned in many Vedic mantras. Therefore the battle between Indra and Vritra is symbolically very significant and has to be seen from this perspective instead of a historic viewpoint.

Many Rig Veda mantras depict that Vritra was killed and in a few other mantras it is said that a truce between indra and Vrtra was established, thus Vrttra exists in the form of hunger. In this perspective, the battle between Indra and Vritra is eternal and Vritra is not killed once and for all.

तव च्यौत्नानि वज्रहस्त तानि नव यत्पुरो नवतिं च सद्यः | निवेशने शततमाविवेषीरहञ्च वर्त्रं नमुचिमुताहन् || (Rig Veda. 7.19.5.)

Meaning : With his invincible power, Indra swiftly destroyed 99 of the 100 places, and captured the likes of Vrttra and Namuchi in his hundredth attempt.

References

1. For Krishna Yajurveda Samhita (Taittiriya Samhita): http://parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx and http://sanskritlibrary.org/download/krishna_yajur_ved.html
2. For Bhagavadgita Slokas : https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_giitaa/bhagvadnew.html?lang=sa