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== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==

== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==

Dharma regulates the conduct of all individuals in every sphere of human activity. One such aspect is the rules to be observed by both employers and the employees. These were part of Raja dharma (Constitutional Law) and Vyavahara dharma (The Law on various other topics) and applied to both government and private employment. There were eighteen major topics of law which were in force at the earliest point of time. Two of them namely,   

Dharma regulates the conduct of all individuals in every sphere of human activity. One such aspect is the rules to be observed by both employers and the employees. These were part of Raja dharma (Constitutional Law) and Vyavahara dharma (The Law on various other topics) and applied to both government and private employment. There were eighteen major topics of law which were in force at the earliest point of time. Two of them   laid down the Dharma of Employers and Employees. Namely,   

* Swamipala Vivada ie. disputes between master and servant  

* Swamipala Vivada ie. disputes between master and servant  

* Vetana dana ie. payment of wages   

* Vetana dana ie. payment of wages   

laid down the Dharma of Employers and Employees. This law was expanded further from time to time as and when the situation demanded. Shukraniti contains several provisions which prescribe the duties of the employers towards employees and vice-versa.  

This law was expanded further from time to time as and when the situation demanded. Shukraniti contains several provisions which prescribe the duties of the employers towards employees and vice-versa.  

== व्यवसायस्य मूलतत्त्वे ॥ Salient Principles of Employment ==

== व्यवसायस्य मूलतत्त्वे ॥ Salient Principles of Employment ==

The stress was on the duty of an individual towards others (selflessness) and not on the right to fulfill selfish desires. This is also evident from the time-honoured statement in the Bhagavad Gita which declared, <blockquote>कर्मण्येवाधिकारस्ते | ''karmaṇyevādhikāraste |'' </blockquote>Meaning: Your right is to perform your duty.

The stress was on the duty of an individual towards others (selflessness) and not on the right to fulfill selfish desires. This is also evident from the time-honoured statement in the Bhagavad Gita which declared, <blockquote>कर्मण्येवाधिकारस्ते | ''karmaṇyevādhikāraste |'' </blockquote>Meaning: Your right is to perform your duty.

Every individual was asked to be Dharma-abiding and discharge his duty towards the society so that all would live happily. The duty of the State as laid down in Raja dharma was to ensure that everyone conforms to Dharma.

Every individual was asked to be Dharma-abiding and discharge one's duty towards the society so that all would live happily. The duty of the State as laid down in Raja dharma was to ensure that everyone conforms to Dharma.

=== सर्वे जनाः सुखिनो भवन्तु ॥ Happiness of all. ===

=== सर्वे जनाः सुखिनो भवन्तु ॥ Happiness of all. ===

2.  Another distinctive feature was the rejection of the principle of "the greatest good of the greatest number"''',''' according to which, in order to secure the good of a large number of persons, injustice could be caused to a small number of persons. The ideal laid down was,<blockquote>"sarve janah sukhino bhavantu"</blockquote>Meaning : Everyone should be happy.

Another distinctive feature of the basic philosophy governing the relationship between the employer and the employee was rejection of the principle of "the greatest good of the greatest number". According to this principle, to secure the good of a large number of people, injustice could be caused to a small number of people. As against that, the ideal laid down in the Bharatiya Parampara was that of, <blockquote>सर्वे जनाः सुखिनो भवन्तु | ''sarve janāḥ sukhino bhavantu |''</blockquote>Meaning: Everyone should be happy.

The rules of Dharma prescribed that the conduct of employers should be such as would secure justice and happiness to the employees and the conduct of the employees should be such as would not cause any hardship or injustice to the employers. Thus, the principle of class co-operation was adopted in preference to class conflict. All these rules which regulated the conduct of employers and employees flowed from the basic rules of "Dharma", the observance of which was regarded as essential for the sustenance and welfare of the individual and the society. Basic rules of Dharma were declared in various works on Dharma Shastra and Smritis.

The rules of Dharma prescribed that the conduct of employers should be such as would secure justice and happiness to the employees and the conduct of the employees should be such as would not cause any hardship or injustice to the employers. Thus, the principle of class co-operation was adopted in preference to class conflict.

== Nine basic aspects of Dharma ==

== Nine basic aspects of Dharma ==

The Shanti Parva (60- 7 -8) in Mahabharatha has indicated nine basic aspects of Dharma :<blockquote>अक्रोध: सत्यवचनं संविभाग: क्षमा तथा | प्रजन: स्वेषु दारेषु शौचमद्रोह एव च || आर्जवं भृत्यभरणं नवैते सार्ववर्णिका: |</blockquote><blockquote>''akrodha: satyavacanaṁ saṁvibhāga: kṣamā tathā | prajana: sveṣu dāreṣu śaucamadroha eva ca || ārjavaṁ bhr̥tyabharaṇaṁ navaite sārvavarṇikā: |''</blockquote>

All these rules which regulated the conduct of employers and employees flowed from the basic rules of Dharma, the observance of which was regarded as essential for the sustenance and welfare of the individual and the society. Basic rules of Dharma were declared in various works on Dharma Shastra and Smritis. The Shanti Parva (60- 7 -8) in Mahabharatha has indicated nine basic aspects of Dharma :<blockquote>अक्रोध: सत्यवचनं संविभाग: क्षमा तथा | प्रजन: स्वेषु दारेषु शौचमद्रोह एव च || आर्जवं भृत्यभरणं नवैते सार्ववर्णिका: |</blockquote><blockquote>''akrodha: satyavacanaṁ saṁvibhāga: kṣamā tathā | prajana: sveṣu dāreṣu śaucamadroha eva ca || ārjavaṁ bhr̥tyabharaṇaṁ navaite sārvavarṇikā: |''</blockquote>

# Akrodha - "Being free from anger,

# Akrodha - "Being free from anger,

# Samvibhaga - sharing one's wealth with others,

# Samvibhaga - sharing one's wealth with others,