Difference between revisions of "Vaidika Vangmaya (वैदिकवाङ्मयम्)"
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Understanding vedic literature itself developed into many branches covering different aspects of the subject. While some have developed independently (such as Jyotisha - to explain muhurtas in vedic rituals), others summarize (such as Kalpa which is a manual of material from different vedas) and a few others are simplified (like the Puranas in story format) for easy understanding (including the Mahabharata). Vaidika Vangmayam include various texts collectively making up a huge volume of literature. | Understanding vedic literature itself developed into many branches covering different aspects of the subject. While some have developed independently (such as Jyotisha - to explain muhurtas in vedic rituals), others summarize (such as Kalpa which is a manual of material from different vedas) and a few others are simplified (like the Puranas in story format) for easy understanding (including the Mahabharata). Vaidika Vangmayam include various texts collectively making up a huge volume of literature. | ||
| − | # | + | # वेदाङ्गम् || Vedaangas (6) |
| − | # | + | # वेदउपङ्गम् || Veda-Upangas (4) |
| − | # | + | # उपवेदः || Upa-Vedas (4) |
| − | # | + | # पुराणम् || Puranas (18) |
| − | # | + | # उपपुराणम् || Upa-Puranas (18) |
| − | # | + | # पञ्चमवेदम् || Panchamavedam (1) |
| − | # परिशिष्टम् || | + | # दर्शनानि || Darshanas (6) |
| + | # परिशिष्टम् || Parishistas | ||
| + | == विद्यास्थानानि ॥ Vidhyasthanas == | ||
| + | चतुर्दशविद्या ॥ Chaturdasha vidyas are called the विद्यास्थानानि ॥ Vidhyasthanas as they give comprehensive knowledge of dharma. Attaining proficiency in them is said to be the the most essential foundational step in education since ancient days. These include learning the Chaturvedas (Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Adharvanaveda), Shadvedangas (Siksha, Kalpa, Vyakarana, Nirukta, Chandas and Jyotisham), Puranas, Nyaya shastra, Mimamsa and Dharmasastram.<ref>Venkateswara Rao. Potturi (2010) ''Paaramaathika Padakosam'' Hyderabad: Msko Books</ref> | ||
== वेदाङ्गानि || Vedangas == | == वेदाङ्गानि || Vedangas == | ||
| − | The word अङ्ग ॥ Anga is used in the sense of उपकारक ॥ Upakaraka (useful tool), and with reference to understanding vedajnana or the knowledge of vedas, these six shastras are extremely useful, hence they are called Vedangas.<blockquote>शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणं निरुक्तं छन्दसां चयः । | + | The word अङ्ग ॥ Anga is used in the sense of उपकारक ॥ Upakaraka (useful tool), and with reference to understanding vedajnana or the knowledge of vedas, these six shastras are extremely useful, hence they are called Vedangas.<blockquote>शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणं निरुक्तं छन्दसां चयः । ज्योतिषामयनं चैव वेदाङ्गानि षडेव तु ॥</blockquote>According to the above shloka, Vedangas are six in number namely Shiksha, Kalpa, Vyakarana, Nirukta, Chandas, Jyotish.<ref>http://vedicheritage.gov.in/vedangas/ Introduction</ref> |
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Title | ! Title | ||
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|<nowiki>6.कल्पः || Kalpa</nowiki> | |<nowiki>6.कल्पः || Kalpa</nowiki> | ||
| Science or manual of sacrificial rituals, both Vedic and domestic. | | Science or manual of sacrificial rituals, both Vedic and domestic. | ||
| − | |} | + | |}<blockquote>छन्दः पादौ तु वेदस्य हस्तौ कल्पोऽथ उच्यते । ज्योतिषामयनं चक्षुर्निरुक्तं श्रोत्रमुच्यते ॥</blockquote><blockquote>शिक्षा घ्राणं तु वेदस्य मुखं व्याकरणं स्मृतम् । तस्मात् साङ्गमधीत्यैव ब्रह्मलोके महीयते ॥ </blockquote>In पाणिनीयशिक्षा, these six vedangas are described in the above shloka which means - "Chandas forms the feet of the Vedapurusha, while Kalpas are the hands, Jyotish is the eye, Nirukta forms the ears, Shiksha is the nose, while the face (speech) is formed by Vyakarana. Only by studying vedas (Vedapurusha) along with vedangas (different parts) will one attain the brahmaloka".<ref>Dr. S. Yegnasubramanian, The Vedangas (Organs of the Vedas).http://svbf.org/journal/vol1no3/vedas.pdf </ref> |
| − | <blockquote>छन्दः पादौ तु वेदस्य हस्तौ कल्पोऽथ उच्यते । | ||
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== वेद-उपाङ्गानि || Veda-Upangas == | == वेद-उपाङ्गानि || Veda-Upangas == | ||
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| − | + | == उपवेदाः || Upavedas == | |
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| − | == उपवेदाः || | ||
They are called the subsidiary Vedas. They are four in number one attached to each Veda<sup>[3]</sup> viz. | They are called the subsidiary Vedas. They are four in number one attached to each Veda<sup>[3]</sup> viz. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| Science of archery and warfare | | Science of archery and warfare | ||
| Yajurveda. | | Yajurveda. | ||
| − | |} | + | |}Vedas are thus a storehouse of knowledge needed for mankind, not merely spiritual but also secular or temporal. They are not compositions made in any one particular period. They are spread over a period of time; one group separated from the other probably by centuries and handed down from one generation to the other through word of mouth. |
| − | Vedas are thus a storehouse of knowledge needed for mankind, not merely spiritual but also secular or temporal. They are not compositions made in any one particular period. They are spread over a period of time; one group separated from the other probably by centuries and handed down from one generation to the other through word of mouth. | ||
Vedangas developed as ancillary studies for the Vedas, but its insights into meters, structure of sound and language, grammar, linguistic analysis and other subjects influenced post-Vedic studies, arts, culture and various schools of Hindu philosophy. The Kalpa Vedanga studies, for example, gave rise to the Dharma-sutras, which later expanded into Dharma-shastras. | Vedangas developed as ancillary studies for the Vedas, but its insights into meters, structure of sound and language, grammar, linguistic analysis and other subjects influenced post-Vedic studies, arts, culture and various schools of Hindu philosophy. The Kalpa Vedanga studies, for example, gave rise to the Dharma-sutras, which later expanded into Dharma-shastras. | ||
| − | |||
== पुराणानि उपपुराणानि च ॥ Puranas and Upapuranas == | == पुराणानि उपपुराणानि च ॥ Puranas and Upapuranas == | ||
The Puranas is a vast genre of encyclopedic Indian texts about a wide range of topics particularly legends and traditional lore. Several of these texts are named after major devatas such as Vishnu, Shiva and Devi. There are 18 Maha Puranas (Great Puranas) and 18 Upa Puranas (Minor Puranas), containing over 400,000 verses.<sup>[4]</sup> | The Puranas is a vast genre of encyclopedic Indian texts about a wide range of topics particularly legends and traditional lore. Several of these texts are named after major devatas such as Vishnu, Shiva and Devi. There are 18 Maha Puranas (Great Puranas) and 18 Upa Puranas (Minor Puranas), containing over 400,000 verses.<sup>[4]</sup> | ||
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|<nowiki>गरुड पुराणम् || Garuda puranam</nowiki> | |<nowiki>गरुड पुराणम् || Garuda puranam</nowiki> | ||
|<nowiki>स्कन्द पुराणम् || Skaanda puranam</nowiki> | |<nowiki>स्कन्द पुराणम् || Skaanda puranam</nowiki> | ||
| − | |} | + | |}कूर्म पुराणम् || Koorma puranam is also listed according to another classification. |
| − | कूर्म पुराणम् || Koorma puranam is also listed according to another classification. | ||
The following are the 18 Upa Puranas | The following are the 18 Upa Puranas | ||
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|Paraashara | |Paraashara | ||
|Bhaargava | |Bhaargava | ||
| − | |} | + | |}The Puranas have been influential in the development of Bharateeya samskriti. They are considered Vaidika (congruent with Vedic literature) or pertaining to vedas. |
| − | The Puranas have been influential in the development of Bharateeya samskriti. They are considered Vaidika (congruent with Vedic literature) or pertaining to vedas. | ||
The Bhagavata Purana has been among the most celebrated, popularly studied and the principles practiced with reverence presently by people all over the world. The Puranic literature has become more popular with the Bhakti movement in India. Both Dvaita and Advaita scholars have given bhasyas or commentaries on the various vedantic philosophies of the Maha Puranas. | The Bhagavata Purana has been among the most celebrated, popularly studied and the principles practiced with reverence presently by people all over the world. The Puranic literature has become more popular with the Bhakti movement in India. Both Dvaita and Advaita scholars have given bhasyas or commentaries on the various vedantic philosophies of the Maha Puranas. | ||
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== परिशिष्टम् || Parishistam == | == परिशिष्टम् || Parishistam == | ||
| − | Pariśiṣṭa "supplement, appendix" is the term applied to various ancillary works of Vedic literature, dealing mainly with details of ritual | + | Pariśiṣṭa "supplement, appendix" is the term applied to various ancillary works of Vedic literature, dealing mainly with details of ritual. They are elaborations of the texts logically and chronologically prior to them namely Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Sutras. Naturally classified with the Veda to which each pertains, Parisista works exist for each of the four Vedas. However, only the literature associated with the Atharvaveda is extensive. |
The Āśvalāyana Gṛhya Pariśiṣṭa is associated with the Rigveda. | The Āśvalāyana Gṛhya Pariśiṣṭa is associated with the Rigveda. | ||
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The Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda has 3 parisistas The Āpastamba Hautra Pariśiṣṭa, which is also found as the second praśna of the Satyasāḍha Śrauta Sūtra', and the Vārāha Śrauta Sūtra Pariśiṣṭa | The Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda has 3 parisistas The Āpastamba Hautra Pariśiṣṭa, which is also found as the second praśna of the Satyasāḍha Śrauta Sūtra', and the Vārāha Śrauta Sūtra Pariśiṣṭa | ||
| − | == पञ्चमवेदः || | + | == षड्दर्शनानि ॥ Shad Darshanas == |
| + | <blockquote>कणादेन तु संप्रक्तं शास्त्रं वैशेषिकं महत् । गौतमेन तथा न्यायं सांख्यं तु कपिलेन वै ॥</blockquote>Meaning : The great Vaiseshika shastra has been given by Kanada, while the Nyaya shastra was elucidated by Goutama rushi, and Saankhya shastra was by Kapila rushi. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Above Sloka from from Padma puranam shows that these darsanas belong to ancient period and not in later time period. | ||
| + | |||
| + | These are the six systems of Hindu philosophy which is known as Shad Darsanas. They are: | ||
| + | {| | ||
| + | |+'''Shad Darshana Or Six Systems Of Hindu Philosophy''' | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |<nowiki> न्याय || Nyaya</nowiki> | ||
| + | |<nowiki> वैसेषिक || Vaiseshika</nowiki> | ||
| + | |<nowiki> साङ्ख्यम् || Samkhya</nowiki> | ||
| + | |<nowiki> योग || Yoga</nowiki> | ||
| + | |<nowiki> पूर्व मिमांसा || Poorva Mimamsa</nowiki> | ||
| + | |<nowiki>उत्तर मिमांसा || Uttara Mimamsa or वेदान्त || Vedanta. </nowiki> | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | == पञ्चमवेदः || Panchamaveda == | ||
भारतः पञ्चमो वेदः || Bharatah Panchamavedaha - As given in Mahabharata expounds that Mahabharatam which covers numerous topics related to human relationships is considered as the "Fifth Veda". | भारतः पञ्चमो वेदः || Bharatah Panchamavedaha - As given in Mahabharata expounds that Mahabharatam which covers numerous topics related to human relationships is considered as the "Fifth Veda". | ||
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Apart from Shrimad Mahabharatam and Puranas, later texts such as Bharata's Natyashastram also called as Panchamavedam by a few scholars. | Apart from Shrimad Mahabharatam and Puranas, later texts such as Bharata's Natyashastram also called as Panchamavedam by a few scholars. | ||
| − | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
# Jump up↑ Vedangas Introduction | # Jump up↑ Vedangas Introduction | ||
Revision as of 15:05, 27 January 2018
Vedic literature includes extensive volumes of texts which can be classified as the Ancillary and Subsidiary Texts of the Vedas. To clarify the Vedas and in understanding them, over a period of time, different explanatory shastras evolved to explain the subtle concepts presented in Vedas and they are grouped under Veda Vangmayam.
Understanding vedic literature itself developed into many branches covering different aspects of the subject. While some have developed independently (such as Jyotisha - to explain muhurtas in vedic rituals), others summarize (such as Kalpa which is a manual of material from different vedas) and a few others are simplified (like the Puranas in story format) for easy understanding (including the Mahabharata). Vaidika Vangmayam include various texts collectively making up a huge volume of literature.
- वेदाङ्गम् || Vedaangas (6)
- वेदउपङ्गम् || Veda-Upangas (4)
- उपवेदः || Upa-Vedas (4)
- पुराणम् || Puranas (18)
- उपपुराणम् || Upa-Puranas (18)
- पञ्चमवेदम् || Panchamavedam (1)
- दर्शनानि || Darshanas (6)
- परिशिष्टम् || Parishistas
विद्यास्थानानि ॥ Vidhyasthanas
चतुर्दशविद्या ॥ Chaturdasha vidyas are called the विद्यास्थानानि ॥ Vidhyasthanas as they give comprehensive knowledge of dharma. Attaining proficiency in them is said to be the the most essential foundational step in education since ancient days. These include learning the Chaturvedas (Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Adharvanaveda), Shadvedangas (Siksha, Kalpa, Vyakarana, Nirukta, Chandas and Jyotisham), Puranas, Nyaya shastra, Mimamsa and Dharmasastram.[1]
वेदाङ्गानि || Vedangas
The word अङ्ग ॥ Anga is used in the sense of उपकारक ॥ Upakaraka (useful tool), and with reference to understanding vedajnana or the knowledge of vedas, these six shastras are extremely useful, hence they are called Vedangas.
शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणं निरुक्तं छन्दसां चयः । ज्योतिषामयनं चैव वेदाङ्गानि षडेव तु ॥
According to the above shloka, Vedangas are six in number namely Shiksha, Kalpa, Vyakarana, Nirukta, Chandas, Jyotish.[2]
| Title | Subject Dealt With |
|---|---|
| 1.शिक्षा || Shiksha | Science of phonetics or pronunciation and intonation. |
| 2.व्याकरणम् || Vyakarana | Science of the grammar of language |
| 3.निरुक्तम् || Nirukta | Etymology or the science of origin, meaning and explanation of the Vedic words. |
| 4.छन्दस् || Chandas | Prosody or science of composition of the hymns like meter, rhyme, पाद (quarter) etc. of the mantras |
| 5.ज्योतिष् || Jyotish | Astronomy and astrology mainly directed towards fixing up of auspicious moments for the performance of the Vedic sacrifices |
| 6.कल्पः || Kalpa | Science or manual of sacrificial rituals, both Vedic and domestic. |
छन्दः पादौ तु वेदस्य हस्तौ कल्पोऽथ उच्यते । ज्योतिषामयनं चक्षुर्निरुक्तं श्रोत्रमुच्यते ॥
शिक्षा घ्राणं तु वेदस्य मुखं व्याकरणं स्मृतम् । तस्मात् साङ्गमधीत्यैव ब्रह्मलोके महीयते ॥
In पाणिनीयशिक्षा, these six vedangas are described in the above shloka which means - "Chandas forms the feet of the Vedapurusha, while Kalpas are the hands, Jyotish is the eye, Nirukta forms the ears, Shiksha is the nose, while the face (speech) is formed by Vyakarana. Only by studying vedas (Vedapurusha) along with vedangas (different parts) will one attain the brahmaloka".[3]
वेद-उपाङ्गानि || Veda-Upangas
उपवेदाः || Upavedas
They are called the subsidiary Vedas. They are four in number one attached to each Veda[3] viz.
| Title | Subject Dealt with | Associated with |
|---|---|---|
| आयुर्वेदः || Ayurveda | Science of healthy living including the prevention and cure of diseases | Rig Veda |
| गन्धर्व वेदः || Gandharva Veda | Science of fine arts like music and dance | Sama Veda. |
| अर्थ वेदः || Artha Veda | Science of finance, economics, politics and statesmanship | Atharva Veda |
| धनुर्वेदः || Dhanurveda | Science of archery and warfare | Yajurveda. |
Vedas are thus a storehouse of knowledge needed for mankind, not merely spiritual but also secular or temporal. They are not compositions made in any one particular period. They are spread over a period of time; one group separated from the other probably by centuries and handed down from one generation to the other through word of mouth.
Vedangas developed as ancillary studies for the Vedas, but its insights into meters, structure of sound and language, grammar, linguistic analysis and other subjects influenced post-Vedic studies, arts, culture and various schools of Hindu philosophy. The Kalpa Vedanga studies, for example, gave rise to the Dharma-sutras, which later expanded into Dharma-shastras.
पुराणानि उपपुराणानि च ॥ Puranas and Upapuranas
The Puranas is a vast genre of encyclopedic Indian texts about a wide range of topics particularly legends and traditional lore. Several of these texts are named after major devatas such as Vishnu, Shiva and Devi. There are 18 Maha Puranas (Great Puranas) and 18 Upa Puranas (Minor Puranas), containing over 400,000 verses.[4]
The 18 MahaPuranas listed in Agni Puranam are as follows
| मत्स्य पुराणम् || Matsya puranam | मार्कण्डेय पुराणम् || Markandeya puranam | भागवत पुराणम् || Bhaagavata puranam |
| भागवत पुराणम् || Bhaagavata puranam | भविष्यात पुराणम् || Bhavishyat puranam | ब्रह्माण्ड पुराणम् || Brahmanda puranam |
| ब्रह्मवैवर्त पुराणम् || Brahmavaivarta puranam | ब्रह्म पुराणम् || Brahma puranam | वामन पुराणम् || Vamana puranam |
| वराह पुराणम् || Varaaha puranam | विष्णु पुराणम् || Vishnu puranam | वायु पुराणम् || Vaayu puranam |
| अग्नि पुराणम् || Agni puranam | नारद पुराणम् || Naarada puranam | पद्म पुराणम् || Padma puranam |
| लिङ्ग पुराणम् || Linga puranam | गरुड पुराणम् || Garuda puranam | स्कन्द पुराणम् || Skaanda puranam |
कूर्म पुराणम् || Koorma puranam is also listed according to another classification.
The following are the 18 Upa Puranas
| Sanathkumareeyam | Naarasimham | Nandeeyam |
| Shivarahasyam | Daurvaasam | Kapilam |
| Naaradeeyam | Vaamanam | Vaarunam |
| Devibhagavatam | Vaasishtam | Saamba |
| Kalki / Kaalika | Hamsam | Sauram |
| Gaanapatya or Mudgala | Paraashara | Bhaargava |
The Puranas have been influential in the development of Bharateeya samskriti. They are considered Vaidika (congruent with Vedic literature) or pertaining to vedas.
The Bhagavata Purana has been among the most celebrated, popularly studied and the principles practiced with reverence presently by people all over the world. The Puranic literature has become more popular with the Bhakti movement in India. Both Dvaita and Advaita scholars have given bhasyas or commentaries on the various vedantic philosophies of the Maha Puranas.
परिशिष्टम् || Parishistam
Pariśiṣṭa "supplement, appendix" is the term applied to various ancillary works of Vedic literature, dealing mainly with details of ritual. They are elaborations of the texts logically and chronologically prior to them namely Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Sutras. Naturally classified with the Veda to which each pertains, Parisista works exist for each of the four Vedas. However, only the literature associated with the Atharvaveda is extensive.
The Āśvalāyana Gṛhya Pariśiṣṭa is associated with the Rigveda.
The Gobhila Gṛhya Pariśiṣṭa is a shorttext consisting of two chapters, with 113 and 95 verses respectively.
The Kātiya Pariśiṣṭas, ascribed to Kātyāyana, consist of 18 works enumerated self-referentially in the fifth of the series (the Caraṇavyūha) and the Kātyāyana Śrauta Sūtra Pariśiṣṭa.
The Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda has 3 parisistas The Āpastamba Hautra Pariśiṣṭa, which is also found as the second praśna of the Satyasāḍha Śrauta Sūtra', and the Vārāha Śrauta Sūtra Pariśiṣṭa
षड्दर्शनानि ॥ Shad Darshanas
कणादेन तु संप्रक्तं शास्त्रं वैशेषिकं महत् । गौतमेन तथा न्यायं सांख्यं तु कपिलेन वै ॥
Meaning : The great Vaiseshika shastra has been given by Kanada, while the Nyaya shastra was elucidated by Goutama rushi, and Saankhya shastra was by Kapila rushi.
Above Sloka from from Padma puranam shows that these darsanas belong to ancient period and not in later time period.
These are the six systems of Hindu philosophy which is known as Shad Darsanas. They are:
| न्याय || Nyaya | वैसेषिक || Vaiseshika | साङ्ख्यम् || Samkhya | योग || Yoga | पूर्व मिमांसा || Poorva Mimamsa | उत्तर मिमांसा || Uttara Mimamsa or वेदान्त || Vedanta. |
पञ्चमवेदः || Panchamaveda
भारतः पञ्चमो वेदः || Bharatah Panchamavedaha - As given in Mahabharata expounds that Mahabharatam which covers numerous topics related to human relationships is considered as the "Fifth Veda".
पुराणंपञ्चमोवेद इति ब्रह्मानुशासनम् (Skan. Pura. 5.3.1.18)
Puranas are also considered as Panchamaveda according to the Skaandapurana.[5]
Apart from Shrimad Mahabharatam and Puranas, later texts such as Bharata's Natyashastram also called as Panchamavedam by a few scholars.
References
- Jump up↑ Vedangas Introduction
- Jump up↑ The Vedangas (Organs of the Vedas) by Dr. S. Yegnasubramanian
- Jump up↑ Upavedas Introduction
- Jump up↑ 18 Puranas English Translation
- Jump up↑ Skaandapuranam (Revakhandam 5.3.1.18)
- ↑ Venkateswara Rao. Potturi (2010) Paaramaathika Padakosam Hyderabad: Msko Books
- ↑ http://vedicheritage.gov.in/vedangas/ Introduction
- ↑ Dr. S. Yegnasubramanian, The Vedangas (Organs of the Vedas).http://svbf.org/journal/vol1no3/vedas.pdf