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#[[Kalpa (Vedanga)|Kalpa]] are the texts that detail the methods of yagna and other rituals. This field focused on standardizing procedures for Vedic Srauta rituals, Smartha rituals associated with samskaaras - major life events such as birth, wedding and death in family, as well as discussing dharmas laid down for the personal conduct and proper duties of an individual in different stages of his life.   

#[[Kalpa (Vedanga)|Kalpa]] are the texts that detail the methods of yagna and other rituals. This field focused on standardizing procedures for Vedic Srauta rituals, Smartha rituals associated with samskaaras - major life events such as birth, wedding and death in family, as well as discussing dharmas laid down for the personal conduct and proper duties of an individual in different stages of his life.   

==  सविस्तर विवरण ॥Detailed Discussion ==

==  सविस्तर विवरण ॥Detailed Discussion ==

वेदाङ्ग || [[Vaidika Vaangmayam|Vedaangas]] help us construct, chant and understand Veda mantras and श्लोक || slokas. These are called अङ्ग || Angas (appendices) of Vedas.<blockquote>"शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणं निरुक्तं छन्दसां चयः । ज्योतिषामयनं चैव वेदंगानि षडेव तु ॥"</blockquote>According to the above sloka Vedaangas are six in number namely शिक्षा ॥ Siksa, कल्प || Kalpa,व्याकरन || Vyakarana, निरुक्तम् || Niruktam, चण्ड || Chandas, and ज्योतिषं || Jyotisham.

वेदाङ्ग || [[Vaidika Vaangmayam|Vedaangas]] help us construct, chant and understand Veda mantras and श्लोक || slokas. These are called अङ्ग || Angas (appendices) of Vedas.<blockquote>शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणं निरुक्तं छन्दसां चयः । ज्योतिषामयनं चैव वेदंगानि षडेव तु ॥</blockquote>According to the above sloka Vedaangas are six in number namely शिक्षा ॥ Siksa, कल्प || Kalpa,व्याकरन || Vyakarana, निरुक्तम् || Niruktam, चण्ड || Chandas, and ज्योतिषं || Jyotisham.

===  शिक्षा ॥ Siksha ===

===  शिक्षा ॥ Siksha ===

शिक्षा ॥ Siksha deals mainly with स्वरज्ञानम् ॥ swaragnanam (phonetics) and it is the science disciplining the efforts of ear, nose and vocal cords to utter the accurate sound as defined by Vedic mantras.               

शिक्षा ॥ Siksha deals mainly with स्वरज्ञानम् ॥ swaragnanam (phonetics) and it is the science disciplining the efforts of ear, nose and vocal cords to utter the accurate sound as defined by Vedic mantras.               

Manusmriti (3.147)<ref>Manusmriti [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 (3.147)]</ref> defines Kalpa as एष वै प्रथमः कल्पः प्रदाने हव्यकव्ययोः । as विधिः । Vidhi to follow in the offering of havyakavyas (yagna vidhis).   

Manusmriti (3.147)<ref>Manusmriti [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 (3.147)]</ref> defines Kalpa as एष वै प्रथमः कल्पः प्रदाने हव्यकव्ययोः । as विधिः । Vidhi to follow in the offering of havyakavyas (yagna vidhis).   

कल्प्यते विधीयते (Shabdakalpadruma)   

कल्प्यते विधीयते (Shabdakalpadruma) defines kalpa as vidhis (for yagnas)   

वैदिकविधानज्ञापकेशास्त्रभेदे स चाश्वलायनापस्तम्बबौधायनकात्यायनादि-सूत्रात्मकः। (Vaachaspatyam)<ref>Vachaspatyam [https://sa.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA#%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Link for Kalpa Definition]</ref>

वैदिकविधानज्ञापकेशास्त्रभेदे स चाश्वलायनापस्तम्बबौधायनकात्यायनादि-सूत्रात्मकः। (Vaachaspatyam)<ref>Vachaspatyam [https://sa.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA#%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Link for Kalpa Definition]</ref> Kalpa is defined as the (set of) sutras defining the vaidika vidhanas (vedic rituals) as given by Asvalayana, Apastamba, Baudhayana, Katyayana among others. 

The origin of कल्पः ॥ Kalpa was for the organization of all the extensive rituals described in Vedas (वैदिक कर्मकाण्ड || Vaidika Karmakaanda).   

The origin of कल्पः ॥ Kalpa was for the organization of all the extensive rituals described in Vedas (वैदिक कर्मकाण्ड || Vaidika Karmakaanda).   

As given by Vishnumitra  

As given by Vishnumitra, "कल्पो वेदविहितानां कर्मणामानुपूर्व्येण कल्पनाशास्त्रम्" -  "Kalpa sastra is a guideline for all the actions laid down in Veda (such as yagnas and yaagas)". 

"कल्पो वेदविहितानां कर्मणामानुपूर्व्येण कल्पनाशास्त्रम्" -  "Kalpa sastra is a guideline for all the actions laid down in Veda (such as yagnas and yaagas)". There are 4 types of Kalpa sutras

There are 4 types of Kalpa sutras

# '''श्रौत सूत्र || Srauta sutras''' - explain the दर्शपोउर्नमास यज्ञ || Darshapournamaasa Yagas and others as defined by श्रुति || Shruti  

# '''श्रौत सूत्र || Srauta sutras''' - explain the दर्शपोउर्नमास यज्ञ || Darshapournamaasa Yagas and others as defined by श्रुति || Shruti  

# '''धर्म सूत्र || Dharma sutras''' - extensively gives the धार्मिक || dharmika rules for general people and the rulers

# '''धर्म सूत्र || Dharma sutras''' - extensively gives the धार्मिक || dharmika rules for general people and the rulers

It was महर्षि पाणिनि || Maharshi Panini who has given '''अष्टध्यायी || Ashthadhyayi''' the most profound and brilliant treatise on grammar to the intellectual world, wherein he describes all the previous grammarians belonging to a time period before him.  Also called शब्दानुशासनम् || Shabdaanusashanam it was the अष्टध्ययि || Asthadhyayi which brought about the regularization of grammatical rules of the vedic usages also.  

It was महर्षि पाणिनि || Maharshi Panini who has given '''अष्टध्यायी || Ashthadhyayi''' the most profound and brilliant treatise on grammar to the intellectual world, wherein he describes all the previous grammarians belonging to a time period before him.  Also called शब्दानुशासनम् || Shabdaanusashanam it was the अष्टध्ययि || Asthadhyayi which brought about the regularization of grammatical rules of the vedic usages also.  

व्याकरणम् ॥ Vyakarana is divided into प्राचीन व्याकरणम् || Praacheena vyakaranam and नव्य व्याकरणम् || navya vyakaranam.  Later age grammarians recognize the eight व्याकरण शास्त्र प्रवर्तक || vyakarana shastra pravartakas as follows

व्याकरणम् ॥ Vyakarana is divided into प्राचीन व्याकरणम् || Praacheena vyakaranam and नव्य व्याकरणम् || navya vyakaranam.  Later age grammarians recognize the eight व्याकरण शास्त्र प्रवर्तक || vyakarana shastra pravartakas as follows<blockquote>इन्द्रश्चन्द्रः काशकृत्स्नापिशाली शाकटायनः  । पाणिन्यमरजैनेन्द्राः जयन्त्यष्टौ च शाब्दिकाः ॥ </blockquote>इन्द्र || Indra, चन्द्र || Chandra, काश || Kaasha, कृत्स्नपिशली || kritsnapishali, शकटयन || shakatayana, पाणिनि || panini, अरजैनेन्द्र || arajainendra, जयन्त || jayanta are the eight preachers of शब्द || shabda (word) or grammar.

 

इन्द्रश्चन्द्रः काशकृत्स्नापिशाली शाकटायनः  ।

 

पाणिन्यमरजैनेन्द्राः जयन्त्यष्टौ च शाब्दिकाः ॥

 

इन्द्र || Indra, चन्द्र || Chandra, काश || Kaasha, कृत्स्नपिशली || kritsnapishali, शकटयन || shakatayana, पाणिनि || panini, अरजैनेन्द्र || arajainendra, जयन्त || jayanta are the eight preachers of शब्द || shabda (word) or grammar.

=== निरुक्तम् ॥ Nirukta ===

=== निरुक्तम् ॥ Nirukta ===

महर्षि यस्क || Maharshi Yaska's निरुक्तम् || Nirukta is another treasure that has been produced in भारतवर्ष || Bharatavarsha and given to the world. It is an excellent treatise that deals with etymology or the objective definition of words. निरुक्तम् || Nirukta is written in prose form while all other shastras are built in the सूत्र || sutra format. सायनाचार्य || [[Sayanacharya (सायनाचार्यः)|Saayanaacharya]] while giving the preface of ऋग्वेद भाष्यं || Rigveda Bhasyam speaks thus about निरुक्तम् || Niruktam :   

महर्षि यस्क || Maharshi Yaska's निरुक्तम् || Nirukta is another treasure that has been produced in भारतवर्ष || Bharatavarsha and given to the world. It is an excellent treatise that deals with etymology or the objective definition of words. निरुक्तम् || Nirukta is written in prose form while all other shastras are built in the सूत्र || sutra format. सायनाचार्य || [[Sayanacharya (सायनाचार्यः)|Saayanaacharya]] while giving the preface of ऋग्वेद भाष्यं || Rigveda Bhasyam speaks thus about निरुक्तम् || Niruktam :  <blockquote>अथावबोधे निरपेक्षतया पदजातं यत्रोक्तं तन्निरुक्तम् ।</blockquote>When other वेदाङ्ग || Vedangas extol the material aspects or तत्व || tattvas of Vedas, निरुक्तम् || Nirukta propounds the supernatural or the uncommon aspects or तत्व || tattvas of the Vedas.   

 

"अथावबोधे निरपेक्षतया पदजातं यत्रोक्तं तन्निरुक्तम्" || 

 

When other वेदाङ्ग || Vedangas extol the material aspects or तत्व || tattvas of Vedas, निरुक्तम् || Nirukta propounds the supernatural or the uncommon aspects or तत्व || tattvas of the Vedas.   

यस्काचार्य || Yaskaacharya has accepted 4 जाति || Jaatis (race) types of भेदचतुस्तयं || Bhedachatustayam (words) :     

यस्काचार्य || Yaskaacharya has accepted 4 जाति || Jaatis (race) types of भेदचतुस्तयं || Bhedachatustayam (words) :     

# '''उपसर्ग जाति || Upasarga Jaati :'''  नानाविधा विशेष अर्थ प्रधानं || Naanavidha visesha artha pradhaanam, Significance attributed to a special meaning of one word as in आहार || Aahara, सम्हार || samhaara, विहार || vihaara   

# '''उपसर्ग जाति || Upasarga Jaati :'''  नानाविधा विशेष अर्थ प्रधानं || Naanavidha visesha artha pradhaanam, Significance attributed to a special meaning of one word as in आहार || Aahara, सम्हार || samhaara, विहार || vihaara   

# '''निपात जाति || Nipaata Jaati :''' उपमार्थे पद पुराणार्थं || Upamaarthe pada puranaartham, Significance of comparision and for appropriate chandas as in eva, na, cha       

# '''निपात जाति || Nipaata Jaati :''' उपमार्थे पद पुराणार्थं || Upamaarthe pada puranaartham, Significance of comparision and for appropriate chandas as in eva, na, cha       

Without the existence of निरुक्त || Niruktam understanding the Vedic terminology is extremely difficult. Yaskaacharya in his preface to Niruktam says    <blockquote>"समाम्नायः समाम्नातः स व्याख्यातव्यः"</blockquote><blockquote>"इदमन्तरेण मन्त्रेष्वर्थप्रत्ययो न विद्यते इति"  -  "Through this means that without this the meaning of mantras cannot be obtained"."</blockquote>Thus it can be inferred that निरुक्तम् || Niruktam determines the meanings of various वैदिक मंत्र || vaidika mantras and comments on them. Knowledge about the various divine beings is given by Nirukta, hence it's use in various यज्ञ कर्म || yagna karmas is indispensable. Thus only निरुक्तम् || Nirukta experts can understand the different characteristics or identifying marks of various devatas praised in vedas.     

Without the existence of निरुक्त || Niruktam understanding the Vedic terminology is extremely difficult. Yaskaacharya in his preface to Niruktam says    <blockquote>समाम्नायः समाम्नातः स व्याख्यातव्यः । इदमन्तरेण मन्त्रेष्वर्थप्रत्ययो न विद्यते इति</blockquote><blockquote>Meaning : Collection of the texts handed down by tradition are to be commented upon, without this reference (nirukta) the meaning of mantras cannot be obtained.</blockquote>Thus it can be inferred that निरुक्तम् || Niruktam determines the meanings of various वैदिक मंत्र || vaidika mantras and comments on them. Knowledge about the various divine beings is given by Nirukta, hence its use in various यज्ञ कर्म || yagna karmas is indispensable. Thus only निरुक्तम् || Nirukta experts can understand the different characteristics or identifying marks of various devatas praised in vedas.     

'''Difference between Vyakarana and Nirukta''' : While व्याकरणम् ॥ Vyakarana discusses the origin of the word, निरुक्तम् || Niruktam determines the meaning, thus it completes the study of vyakarana. While vyakaranam is लक्षण प्रधानं || lakshana pradhanam or defines the attributes of a word, Nirukta is अर्थ प्रधानं || artha pradhanam (independently explains the meaning). With out निरुक्तम् || Niruktam splitting of the word is not possible, while grammar talks about rules for splitting the word, Nirukta defines how to split a word.     

'''Difference between Vyakarana and Nirukta''' : While व्याकरणम् ॥ Vyakarana discusses the origin of the word, निरुक्तम् || Niruktam determines the meaning, thus it completes the study of vyakarana. While vyakaranam is लक्षण प्रधानं || lakshana pradhanam or defines the attributes of a word, Nirukta is अर्थ प्रधानं || artha pradhanam (independently explains the meaning). With out निरुक्तम् || Niruktam splitting of the word is not possible, while grammar talks about rules for splitting the word, Nirukta defines how to split a word.     

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अस्थि || Asthi (64), प्रकृति || Prakriti (84), विकृति || Vikruti (92) अभिकृति || Abhikruti (100) and उत्कृति || Utkruti (104 अक्षराणि || aksharani) are a few other Vedic chandas according to other classifications. Other texts dealing with Chandas include Rkpratisakhya, Sankhyayana Srauta sutras and Nidana Sutra of Samaveda.<ref>Introduction to [http://vedicheritage.gov.in/vedangas/chanda/ Chandas]</ref> Devotional works are constructed in other meters mostly different from vedic meters. The first Rig veda Suktam - Agni suktam is in the Gayatri meter.<ref name=":0">Chandas as discoursed by Sri Sri Sri. Chandrasekharendra Saraswati Swamiji compiled in [http://www.kamakoti.org/hindudharma/part8/chap5.htm Hindu Dharma]</ref>

* अस्थि || Asthi (64 अक्षराणि || aksharani)

* प्रकृति || Prakriti (84 अक्षराणि || aksharani)

* विकृति || Vikruti (92 अक्षराणि || aksharani)

* अभिकृति || Abhikruti (100 अक्षराणि || aksharani)

* उत्कृति || Utkruti (104 अक्षराणि || aksharani)

are a few other Vedic chandas according to other classifications. Other texts dealing with Chandas are Rigpratisakhya, Sankhyayana Srauta sutras and Nidana Sutra of Samaveda.<ref>Introduction to [http://vedicheritage.gov.in/vedangas/chanda/ Chandas]</ref>

 

Devotional works are constructed in other meters mostly different from vedic meters.

=== ज्योतिषम् ॥ Jyotisham ===

=== ज्योतिषम् ॥ Jyotisham ===

Lagadha is regarded as the author of ancient Jyotisha. It is study of the Universe,i.e.,astrology or astronomy to determine the configuration and position of stars and planets etc., in order to fix favorable or propitious times for performing यज्ञ || Yagas or Hindu rituals.  

Lagadha is regarded as the author of ancient Jyotisha. It is study of the Universe,i.e.,astrology or astronomy to determine the configuration and position of stars and planets etc., in order to fix favorable or propitious times for performing यज्ञ || Yagas or Hindu rituals.