Changes

* '''Bidri Alloy''': The alloy produced in the South Indian town of Bidar, contained Zinc (76-98%), Copper (2-10%), at times Lead (1-8%), tin (1-5%) and trace of Iron. Darkening of the Bidriware made was done by applying a paste of ammonium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium chloride and copper sulphate. Several impressive vessels, ewers, pitchers, vessels and huqqa bases were made of bidri ware with patterns influenced by the fine geometric and floral patterns and inlayed with gold and silver metals.  

* '''Bidri Alloy''': The alloy produced in the South Indian town of Bidar, contained Zinc (76-98%), Copper (2-10%), at times Lead (1-8%), tin (1-5%) and trace of Iron. Darkening of the Bidriware made was done by applying a paste of ammonium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium chloride and copper sulphate. Several impressive vessels, ewers, pitchers, vessels and huqqa bases were made of bidri ware with patterns influenced by the fine geometric and floral patterns and inlayed with gold and silver metals.  

== Purification ==

== Purification Processes in Ayurveda ==

The detoxification or purification process of any toxic material used for medicinal purposes is termed as “''Śodhana''”. The process is specially designed for the drugs from mineral origin; however, it is recommended for all kinds of drugs to remove their ''doṣās'' (impurities or toxic content).  The concept of ''Śodhana'' in Ayurveda not only covers the process of purification/detoxifcation of physical as well as chemical impurities but also covers the minimization of side effects and improving the potency/therapeutic efficacy of the purified drugs.<ref>Maurya, S. K., Seth, A., Laloo, D., Singh, N. K., Singh Gautam, D. N., & Singh, A. K. (2015). Śodhana: An Ayurvedic process for detoxification and modification of therapeutic activities of poisonous medicinal plants. ''Ancient Science of Life'', ''34''(4), 188. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.160862</nowiki></ref> The minerals or metals are invariably subjected to purification processes in Ayurvedic preparations and the processes are complicated ones. Though these processes are meant for ‘purifying’ the substances, more often than naught, some extraneous material is added onto them. In general, purification means, according to the rasasastra texts, removal of the deleterious principles present in the naturally occurring substances, so that they become fit for internal use.<ref name=":8" /> Examples include

The detoxification or purification process of any toxic material used for medicinal purposes is termed as “''Śodhana''”. The process is specially designed for the drugs from mineral origin; however, it is recommended for all kinds of drugs to remove their ''doṣās'' (impurities or toxic content).  The concept of ''Śodhana'' in Ayurveda not only covers the process of purification/detoxifcation of physical as well as chemical impurities but also covers the minimization of side effects and improving the potency/therapeutic efficacy of the purified drugs.<ref>Maurya, S. K., Seth, A., Laloo, D., Singh, N. K., Singh Gautam, D. N., & Singh, A. K. (2015). Śodhana: An Ayurvedic process for detoxification and modification of therapeutic activities of poisonous medicinal plants. ''Ancient Science of Life'', ''34''(4), 188. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.160862</nowiki></ref> The minerals or metals are invariably subjected to purification processes in Ayurvedic preparations and the processes are complicated ones. Though these processes are meant for ‘purifying’ the substances, more often than naught, some extraneous material is added onto them. In general, purification means, according to the rasasastra texts, removal of the deleterious principles present in the naturally occurring substances, so that they become fit for internal use.<ref name=":8" /> Examples include