Changes

In the Indian Knowledge Systems, though no single work devoted to botany is known, the knowledge of botany among Indians is well known from Vedas, works on Ayurveda, Krshishastra, Arthashastra and the lexicons. Terms like [[Vrikshayurveda (वृक्षायुर्वेद)|Vrikshayurveda]] and Vanaspati vidya tell us that knowledge of botany flourished in the past and its principles and findings were the foundations to applied sciences such as [[Sasya Veda (सस्यवेदः)|agriculture]], and [[Ayurveda (आयुर्वेदः)|ayurveda]].  There are many legends which indicate that ancient Indians had several beliefs associated with trees. Plant life was regarded sacred and worshipped.     

In the Indian Knowledge Systems, though no single work devoted to botany is known, the knowledge of botany among Indians is well known from Vedas, works on Ayurveda, Krshishastra, Arthashastra and the lexicons. Terms like [[Vrikshayurveda (वृक्षायुर्वेद)|Vrikshayurveda]] and Vanaspati vidya tell us that knowledge of botany flourished in the past and its principles and findings were the foundations to applied sciences such as [[Sasya Veda (सस्यवेदः)|agriculture]], and [[Ayurveda (आयुर्वेदः)|ayurveda]].  There are many legends which indicate that ancient Indians had several beliefs associated with trees. Plant life was regarded sacred and worshipped.     

We find a mention of plants, their medicinal properties, uses as food grains, in yajnas, as wood and timber etc in various texts such as  

We find a mention of plants, their medicinal properties, uses as food grains, in yajnas, as wood and timber etc in various texts such as    

# Vedas - [[Samhita (संहिता)|Samhitas]], [[Brahmana (ब्राह्मणम्)|Brahmanas]], [[Aranyaka (आरण्यकम्)|Aranyakas]] and [[Upanishads (उपनिषदः)|Upanishads]] of [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rigveda]], [[Yajurveda (यजुर्वेदः)|Yajurveda]], [[Atharvaveda (अथर्ववेदः)|Atharvaveda]] describe plant life extensively.<ref name=":5" />

# Vedas - [[Samhita (संहिता)|Samhitas]], [[Brahmana (ब्राह्मणम्)|Brahmanas]], [[Aranyaka (आरण्यकम्)|Aranyakas]] and [[Upanishads (उपनिषदः)|Upanishads]] of [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rigveda]], [[Yajurveda (यजुर्वेदः)|Yajurveda]], [[Atharvaveda (अथर्ववेदः)|Atharvaveda]] describe plant life extensively.<ref name=":5" />

# Brihatsamhita - speaks of trees like the Asoka and Punnaga which are beneficial to warfare.<ref name=":2">Ghose, A. K. 1971. Botany: The Vedic and Post-Vedic Periods. In ''A Concise History of Science in India'' (Ed.) D. M. Bose, S. N. Sen and B.V. Subbarayappa. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy. Pp. 375-392.</ref>

# Brihatsamhita - speaks of trees like the Asoka and Punnaga which are beneficial to warfare.<ref name=":2">Ghose, A. K. 1971. Botany: The Vedic and Post-Vedic Periods. In ''A Concise History of Science in India'' (Ed.) D. M. Bose, S. N. Sen and B.V. Subbarayappa. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy. Pp. 375-392.</ref>

# Vrkshayurveda - 14 kandas described<ref name=":2" /><ref>A K, S., & Katti, A. (2022). Science of Plant Life - Vrikshayurveda: A Historical Account. ''International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine'', ''12''(2), 4204–4208. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.47191/ijahm/v12i2.06</nowiki></ref>

# Vrkshayurveda - 14 kandas described<ref name=":2" /><ref>A K, S., & Katti, A. (2022). Science of Plant Life - Vrikshayurveda: A Historical Account. ''International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine'', ''12''(2), 4204–4208. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.47191/ijahm/v12i2.06</nowiki></ref>

# Arthashastra -

# Arthashastra

# Sahitya - <ref>Sengupta, A. (2017). Samskrit sahitya mein vanaspati vijnan. ''International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology'', ''3''(8), 1257–1264. <nowiki>https://www.ijsrset.com</nowiki></ref>

# Sahitya - <ref>Sengupta, A. (2017). Samskrit sahitya mein vanaspati vijnan. ''International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology'', ''3''(8), 1257–1264. <nowiki>https://www.ijsrset.com</nowiki></ref>

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|Kautilya's Arthashastra

|Kautilya's Arthashastra

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# sáradáruvarga (timber yielding trees)

# sadaaru varga (timber yielding trees)

# Venu-varga (group of reeds or bamboos)

# Venu-varga (group of reeds or bamboos)

# Valli varga ( group of creepers)

# Valli varga ( group of creepers)

# Valka varga (group of fibre-yielding plants)

# Valka varga (group of fibre-yielding plants)

# Rajjubandha varga (group of plants constituting raw materials for ropes)

# rajjubhánda varga (group of plants constituting raw materials for ropes)

# Patra varga (plant leaves used for writing or as utensils)

# Patra varga (plant leaves used for writing or as utensils)

# Pushpavarga (for dyes)

# Pushpavarga (for dyes)

# Oushadha varga (for medicines)

# Oushadha varga (medicinal plants)

# Vishavarga (poison yielding plants)

# Vishavarga (poison yielding plants)<ref>Shamasastry. R, ''Kautilya's Arthashastra with English Translation'' (p. 139-140)</ref>

|based on economic uses

|based on economic uses

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