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Amarakosha describes Anvikshiki, as the science of inquiry, आन्वीक्षिकी दण्डनीतिस्तर्कविद्यार्थशास्त्रयोः॥ (Amar. 1.6.5<ref name=":2" />  

Amarakosha describes Anvikshiki, as the science of inquiry, आन्वीक्षिकी दण्डनीतिस्तर्कविद्यार्थशास्त्रयोः॥ (Amar. 1.6.5<ref name=":2" />  

== Anvikshiki Described in Various Texts ==

== आन्वीक्षिकी अन्य ग्रन्थेषु ॥ Anvikshiki Described in Various Texts ==

'''Nitisara of Kamandaka''' explicitly states that a king, after having controlled his senses should direct his attention to the cultivation of the following four branches of learning, in co-operation with those precepts well-versed in these subjects.<ref name=":3">Dutt, Manmatha Nath. (1896) ''ed. Kamankiya Nitisara or The Elements of Polity (in English)'' Calcutta (p.15)</ref>

'''Nitisara of Kamandaka''' explicitly states that a king, after having controlled his senses should direct his attention to the cultivation of the following four branches of learning, in co-operation with those precepts well-versed in these subjects.<ref name=":3">Dutt, Manmatha Nath. (1896) ''ed. Kamankiya Nitisara or The Elements of Polity (in English)'' Calcutta (p.15)</ref>

# आन्वीक्षिकी ॥ Anvikishiki

# आन्वीक्षिकी ॥ ānvīkṣikī

# त्रयी ॥ Trayi (Veda Trayi)

# त्रयी ॥ trayī (Veda Trayi)

# वार्ता ॥ Vartaa

# वार्ता ॥ vārtā (Agriculture, cattlebreeding and trade)

# दण्डनीतिः ॥ Dandaniti

# दण्डनीतिः ॥ daṇḍanītiḥ

Anvikshiki, Trayi, Varta and Dandaniti - these only are the four eternal divisions of knowledge, that pave the way for humans to achieve happiness in this world.<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>आन्वीक्षिकीं त्रयीं वार्तां दण्डनीतिं च पार्थिवः। तद्विद्यैस्तत्कियोपेतैश्चिन्त येद् विनयान्वितः ॥ १ ॥

Anvikshiki, Trayi, Varta and Dandaniti - these only are the four eternal divisions of knowledge, that pave the way for humans to achieve happiness in this world.<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>आन्वीक्षिकीं त्रयीं वार्तां दण्डनीतिं च पार्थिवः। तद्विद्यैस्तत्कियोपेतैश्चिन्त येद् विनयान्वितः ॥ १ ॥

traividyebhyastrayīṃ vidyāṃ daṇḍanītiṃ ca śāśvatīm |

traividyebhyastrayīṃ vidyāṃ daṇḍanītiṃ ca śāśvatīm |

ānvīkṣikīṃ cātmavidyāṃ vārtārambhāṃśca lokataḥ | | 7.43 | |</blockquote>From Brahmanas, well-versed in the three Vedas, he (a king) must learn the three Vedas (त्रयी विद्या), the eternal principle of punishment (दण्डनीति), the science of reasoning (आन्वीक्षिकीं), the science of Self-knowledge (आत्मविद्यां), the principles of trade, agriculture, and cattle rearing, and the science of wealth (वार्तारम्भांश्च लोकतः).<ref>Dutt, Manmatha Nath. (1909) ''Manu Samhita'' Calcutta: Elysium Press (p.227)</ref>

ānvīkṣikīṃ cātmavidyāṃ vārtārambhāṃśca lokataḥ | | 7.43 | |</blockquote>Meaning: From Brahmanas, well-versed in the three Vedas, he (a king) must learn the three Vedas (त्रयी विद्या), the eternal principle of punishment (दण्डनीति), the science of reasoning (आन्वीक्षिकीं), the science of Self-knowledge (आत्मविद्यां), the principles of trade, agriculture, and cattle rearing, and the science of wealth (वार्तारम्भांश्च लोकतः).<ref>Dutt, Manmatha Nath. (1909) ''Manu Samhita'' Calcutta: Elysium Press (p.227)</ref>

'''Gautama Dharmasutras''' also mentions the term Anviksiki, with reference to the knowledge requirement of a king,<blockquote>त्रय्याम् आन्वीक्षिक्या चाभिविनीतः ॥ trayyām ānvīkṣikyā cābhivinītaḥ ॥ (Gaut. Dhar. Sutr. 11.3)<ref>Srinivasacharya, L. (1917) ''Gautama Dharma Sutras with Maskari Bhasya'' Mysore: Government Branch Press (p.177)</ref></blockquote>Meaning: (He) should be an expert in the three Vedas and anvikshiki or the science of reasoning.

'''Gautama Dharmasutras''' also mentions the term Anviksiki, with reference to the knowledge requirement of a king,<blockquote>त्रय्याम् आन्वीक्षिक्या चाभिविनीतः ॥ trayyām ānvīkṣikyā cābhivinītaḥ ॥ (Gaut. Dhar. Sutr. 11.3)<ref>Srinivasacharya, L. (1917) ''Gautama Dharma Sutras with Maskari Bhasya'' Mysore: Government Branch Press (p.177)</ref></blockquote>Meaning: (He) should be an expert in the three Vedas and anvikshiki or the science of reasoning.

Ramayana, and Mahabharata Itihasas

In '''Valmiki Ramayana''', we find Shri Rama instructing his brother, Bharata not to entertain those superfluous persons engaged only in worldly ways (लौकायतिकान्) who resort to the science of logic (आन्वीक्षिकीं) based on abstract reasoning, and indulge in futile talks, neglecting the principal texts of Dharmashastras.<ref>Valmiki Ramayana ([https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/sloka?field_kanda_tid=2&language=dv&field_sarga_value=100 Ayodhyakanda Sarga 100])</ref> <blockquote>धर्मशास्त्रेषु मुख्येषु विद्यमानेषु दुर्बुधाः। बुद्धिमान्वीक्षिकीं प्राप्य निरर्थं प्रवदन्ति ते।।2.100.39।।

 

dharmaśāstreṣu mukhyeṣu vidyamāneṣu durbudhāḥ| buddhimānvīkṣikīṃ prāpya nirarthaṃ pravadanti te||2.100.39|| </blockquote>'''Mahabharata''', also cites that Anvikshiki was the term to describe abstract reasoning which was regarded in a negative sense. Both Anvikshiki and Tarkavidya were employed by a Pandit interested in these subjects to prove the futility of the Vedas. <blockquote>अहमासं पण्डितको हैतुको वेदनिन्दकः । आन्वीक्षिकीं तर्कविद्यामनुरक्तो निरर्थिकाम्‌ ॥ ४७ ॥ (Maha. Shan. Parv. 180.47)<ref>Pandit Ramnarayanadatta Shastri Pandey, Mahabharata ([https://archive.org/details/mahabharat05ramauoft/page/4887/mode/1up Khanda 5-Shantiparva, Adhyaya 180]), Gorakhpur: Gita Press. (p.4887)</ref>

 

== References ==

== References ==

[[Category:Darshanas]]

[[Category:Darshanas]]