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Line 1: − + − + − 1. '''LITERATURE REVIEW''' + − a. '''Nomenclature'''+ − + − + − v&] v&ZCyte iD*te - that which is cut − − mhIéh – that which grows on Earth − − zaoI - that which has branches − − padp – that which drinks sap with roots − − té - triNt Anen Aatpm! !– that by which people overcome heat − − Anaekh - Ans> zkqSyak< git< hiNt– that which obstructs pace of cart − − plazI – that which has leaves − − Agm n gCDtIit– that which doesn’t move + + + + + + + − + Line 36:
Line 28: − + − + − · àsri[+ − + − · v&]aéh + − |Banyan tree is huge and blocks the road+ − + − + − − − + − + − + − · b÷padm! + − + − · vLkÔ‚m + − + − · icÇbIj / gNxvRhSt / pÂa¼‚l+ − + − · Sv[R]Iir+ − + − + − + − − − − − − − + − + − · hilin+ − + − · zŒpui:p + − |The leaves resemble ears of rat+ − + − + − − − + − + − · yvn + − + − · jlj /p»ja+ − + − · sda)l + − |Is a South Indian crop - Cardamon+ − + − + − − − − − + − + − · AñgNx + − + − · %î + − + − · sIt + − + − · puÇda + − |Has smell like odour of goat - Gynandropis gynandra+ − + − + − − − − − − − + − + − · pa;anÉed+ − + − · kzmdR '' '' + − |It is a good anti-helmenthic+ − + − + − − − + − + − · xnuÔ‚Rm + − + − · Ai¶mNw + − + − · ì[air + − |The wood is used to make chariots - Lagerstroemia parviflora+ − + − + − − − − − + − + − · #NÔv&] / surdaé / devdaé'' '' + − + − · k«:[tulis / surs + − + − + − + − + − + − b. '''Classification -''' plants were categorised based on the criteria of botanical terms, properties and food value.+ − '''1. Botanical terms :'''+ − Ø §Gved (X.97.3,15)+ − A;xI> àitmaedXv< pu:pvtI> àsUvrI>,Aña #v sijvrIvIRéx> pariy:[v>.+ − ya> )ilnIyaR A)la Apu:pa yaí pui:p[I>,b&hSpitàsUtaSta na muÂNTv<hs>.+ − divides plants as –)ilnI ,A)la ,Apu:p and pui:pnI + − + − Ø AwvRved (VIII.7.4,1,12) + Line 249:
Line 215: − + − + Line 277:
Line 243: − + + + Line 289:
Line 257: − + Line 304:
Line 272: − + − + − + Line 314:
Line 282: − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + Line 348:
Line 316: − + − + − + − + − + − + − + Line 370:
Line 338: − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + Line 406:
Line 374: − + − + − + − + − + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − '''ANALYSIS & SYNTHESIS'''+ − The Indian system of classification adopted right from the vedic times to the times of the puranas and other lexicons provide classification based on habits, dietetic value and also on botanical terms. In the modern science systems, the classification is based on habits, natural and artificial methods. The hierarchial system of classification adopted by the modern scientists and the binomial nomenclature adopted by the westerners is absent in our traditional Indian system. The divisions of plants based on properties and food-value tell us that the focus of the Indians had been mainly on finding the usefulness of each & every plant and putting them under a broad category. In addition to that, since the naming of plants was done by notable morphological features, it appealed even to the common-man.+ − '''2. CONCLUSION''' + − The paper is an attempt in presenting a relative picture of the traditional and modern systems of plant-classification. Based on the findings, it is concluded that in both Indian and Modern systems, there is lot of science involved when it comes to identifying or naming plants. The plants were classed depending on the knowledge existing at that time about the variety or nature of plants. The Indians had minor variations with respect to definitions of few classes of plant-varieties.The Westerners were fairly uniform on the definitions of various botanical terminologies.+ − '''3. SCOPE OF FUTURE RESEARCH'''+ − There is ample scope in taking this forward by exclusively basing the comparison on one extensive and comprehensive system of the modern scientists with that of a smiliar ancient system. Moreover, the scope extends in the area of comparing commonly available and useful plants’ nomenclature in both the systems.This would throw light on areas of overlapping between the two different systems.+ − '''BIBLIOGRAPHY:'''+ − 1. ''Caraka Samhita'', ed. with Eng tr. by Ram Karan Sharma and Vaidya Bhagwan Das, The Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Vol. XCIV, 1976.+ − 2. ''Srimad Bhagavata Mahapurana'', C.L.Goswami, Gita press, , 1971.+ − 3. ''Matsya Puranam'', Gurumandal series no. XIII, , 1954.+ − 4. ''Susruta Samhita'', ed. & Tr. by Priya Vrat Sharma, Chawkhambha Visvabharati Oriental Publishers & Distributors, 1999.+ − 5. ''Vrkshayurveda – An Introduction to Indian Plant Science'', K.Vijayalakshmi and K.M.Shyam Sundar, 1993+ − 6. ''Flora and Fauna in Sanskrit Literature'', Dr. S. C. Banerji, Naya prakash, , 1980.+ − 7. ''Horticulture in Ancient'' , R.N.Sampath, Rashtriya Samskrita Sansthan, , 1998.+ − 8. ''Modern Textbook of Botany'', Y.D.Tiagi, Universal Publications, ,1983.+
1st draft
'''Plant taxonomy – Ancient & Modern'''
'''Introduction'''
Though a single work devoted to botany is unknown, the knowledge of botany among Indians is well known from Vedas, works on Ayurveda, Krishishastra, Arthashastra and lexicons. Terms like Vrkshayurveda and Vanaspatividya tell us that knowledge of botany flourished in the past. There are few legends which indicate that ancient Indians had several beliefs associated with trees. For instance, Gobhilagrihyasutra mentions that Asvatta brings danger of fire to one’s residence and that Udumbara leads to a series of optical diseases. Also, Brihatsamhita speaks of trees like the Asoka and Punnaga which are beneficial to warfare.
Though a single work devoted to botany is unknown, the knowledge of botany among Indians is well known from Vedas, works on Ayurveda, Krishishastra, Arthashastra and lexicons. Terms like Vrkshayurveda and Vanaspatividya tell us that knowledge of botany flourished in the past. There are few legends which indicate that ancient Indians had several beliefs associated with trees. For instance, Gobhilagrihyasutra mentions that Asvatta brings danger of fire to one’s residence and that Udumbara leads to a series of optical diseases. Also, Brihatsamhita speaks of trees like the Asoka and Punnaga which are beneficial to warfare.
'''Literature Review'''
'''Nomenclature'''
The branch of taxonomy includes nomenclaure and suitable grouping of the plants.In general, plants were named with a scientific approach. A look at the etymology of the synonymns of trees tells us that naming was backed by reason.
The branch of taxonomy includes nomenclature and suitable grouping of the plants.In general, plants were named with a scientific approach. A look at the etymology of the synonymns of trees tells us that naming was backed by reason.
* वृक्ष वृश्च्यते छिद्यते that which is cut
* महीरुह that which grows on Earth
* पादप that which drinks sap with roots
* शाखी that which has branches
* तरु तरन्ति अनेन आतपम् that by which people overcome heat
* अनोकह that whichobstructs pace of cart
* पलाशी that which has leaves
* अगम न गच्छतीति that which doesn’t move
Similar scientific basis was adopted in naming the different varieties of plants based on various factors as provided in the following table.
Similar scientific basis was adopted in naming the different varieties of plants based on various factors as provided in the following table.
'''Table 1: Nomenclature of plants'''
'''Nomenclature of plants'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Sl.No.'''
|'''Sl.No.'''
|1
|1
|Special features
|Special features
|· Ny¢aexm! '' ''
|
# न्यग्रोधम्
# प्रसरणि
# वृक्षारुह
|
# Banyan tree is huge and blocks the road
# spreads on the ground- Ipomea tridentala
spreads on the ground- Ipomea tridentala
# Vandaka grows on trees - Vanda roxburghi
Vandaka grows on trees - Vanda roxburghi
|-
|-
|2
|2
|Morphological characters
|Morphological characters
|· v³pu:p
|
# वक्रपुष्प
# वल्कद्रुम
# चित्रबीज / गन्धर्वहस्त
# पञ्चाङ्गुल
# स्वर्णक्षीर
|
# Has curved flowers - Sesbania grandiflora
# Has several roots - Banyan tree
|Has curved flowers - Sesbania grandiflora
# The bark has medicinal value and it is corky, paper-like! - Betula utilis
# Has seeds with various marks and has palmate leaves(five-fingered!) - Castor oil plant (Ricinis communis)
Has several roots - Banyan tree
# Latex of roots of Kashmiri Hirtiz is golden yellow in colour - Euphoria thomsoniana
The bark has medicinal value and it is corky, paper-like! - Betula utilis
Has seeds with various marks and has palmate leaves(five-fingered!) - Castor oil plant (Ricinis communis)
Latex of roots of Kashmiri Hirtiz is golden yellow in colour - Euphoria thomsoniana
|-
|-
|3
|3
|Comparison with familiar objects
|Comparison with familiar objects
|· Aaouki[R
|
# आखुकर्णि
# हलिनि
# शङ्खपुष्प
|
# The leaves resemble ears of rat
# Rhizomes resemble pestle
Rhizomes resemble pestle
# Flowers of Apraijta resemble conch
Flowers of Apraijta resemble conch
|-
|-
|4
|4
|Place or origin, habit, flowering season
|Place or origin, habit, flowering season
|· Ôivif
|
# द्रविडि
# यवन
# जलज पङ्कज
# सदाफल
|
# Is a South Indian crop - Cardamon
# Seeds grow in - Hyoscyamus
# Grows in water - Lotus
Seeds grow in - Hyoscyamus
# Bears fruits in all seasons – Beal
Grows in water - Lotus
Bears fruits in all seasons – Beal
|-
|-
|5
|5
|Innate Properties
|Innate Properties
|· AjgNx
|
# अजगन्ध
# अश्वगन्ध
# उश्न
# सीत
# पुत्रदा
|
# Has smell like odour of goat - Gynandropis gynandra
# Has smeel like odour of horse - Winter cherry
# Is hot in potency - Black pepper
# Is cool in potency - White sandalwood
Has smeel like odour of horse - Winter cherry
# Cures sterility and bestows one with son - Ipomea sepiaria
Is hot in potency - Black pepper
Is cool in potency - White sandalwood
Cures sterility and bestows one with son - Ipomea sepiaria
|-
|-
|6
|6
|Pharmacological actions
|Pharmacological actions
|· k«im¹
|
# कृमिघ्न
# पाषानभेद
# कशमर्द
|
# It is a good anti-helmenthic
# It dissolves kidney-stones
It dissolves kidney-stones
# Relieves cough – Cassia occidentalis
Relieves cough – Cassia occidentalis
|-
|-
|7
|7
|Utility
|Utility
|· SyNdn
|
# स्यन्दन
# धनुर्द्रुम
# अग्निमन्थ
# व्रणारि
|
# The wood is used to make chariots - Lagerstroemia parviflora
# It is used for making bows - Bamboo
# Wood of is used for kindling sacrificial fire - Premna integrifolia
It is used for making bows - Bamboo
# cures boils (enemy of boils)
Wood of is used for kindling sacrificial fire - Premna integrifolia
cures boils (enemy of boils)
|-
|-
|8
|8
|Mythology
|Mythology
|· baeixÔ‚m
|
# बोधिद्रुम
# इन्द्रवृक्ष / सुरदारु / देवदारु
# कृष्णतुलसि
# सुरस
|Buddha attained enlightenment under the peepul tree
|
# Buddha attained enlightenment under the peepul tree
The sacred fig (Peepal) Pinus deodara is Indra’s tree
# The sacred fig (Peepal) Pinus deodara is Indra’s tree
# It is used in the worship of Lord Krishna
It is used in the worship of Lord Krishna
|}
|}
'''Classification - plants were categorised based on the criteria of botanical terms, properties and food value.'''
'''Botanical terms :'''
ऋग्वेद (10.97.3,15)
ओषधीः प्रतिमोदध्वं पुष्पवतीः प्रसूवरीः । अश्वा इव सजिवरीर्वीरुधः पारयिष्णवः॥
याः फलिनीर्या अफला अपुष्पा याश्च पुष्पिणीः । बृहस्पतिप्रसूतास्ता ना मुञ्चन्त्वंहसः ॥
divides plants as फलिनी अफला अपुष्प पुष्पिनी
(ओषधि is a vedic term for a class of trees)
divides trees (Aae;ix is a vedic term for a class of trees) as- guLm , Ée;j and lta
divides trees as ओषधि गुल्म भेषज लता
(8.7.4,1,12)
àSt&[tI StiMbnIrekzu¼a> àtNvtIrae;xIra vdaim, A<zumtI> kai{fnIyaR ivzaoa þyaim te vIédae vEñdevIé¢a> puê;jIvnI.
àSt&[tI StiMbnIrekzu¼a> àtNvtIrae;xIra vdaim, A<zumtI> kai{fnIyaR ivzaoa þyaim te vIédae vEñdevIé¢a> puê;jIvnI.
groups plants as- vnSpit , Ô‚m , lta and guLm
groups plants as- vnSpit , Ô‚m , lta and guLm
'''2. Properties'''
'''Properties'''
Caraka in his Sutra''sthana'' classifies plants as Purgatives and Astringents.The former has about 600 species whereas the latter has about 500 species. Sushruta classifies plants into 37 gana-s on similar basis.
Caraka in his Sutra''sthana'' classifies plants as Purgatives and Astringents.The former has about 600 species whereas the latter has about 500 species. Sushruta classifies plants into 37 gana-s on similar basis.
'''3. Food value:'''
'''Food value:'''
Caraka classifies plants into 6 varieties as (Sutrasthana, IV):
Caraka classifies plants into 6 varieties as (Sutrasthana, IV):
pu:pvgR ,%iÑÖgR , ka{fvgR , tElvgR , #]uvgR
pu:pvgR ,%iÑÖgR , ka{fvgR , tElvgR , #]uvgR
Science of the modern times defines Taxonomy as the branch of science that deals with the description, naming and classification of organisms. The term is derived from the ancient Greek words ''taxis'' (arrangement) and ''nomia'' (method). Taxonomist aims to group together living forms which have common associates. This science is hierarchical. à various Divisions à Classes à Orders à Families à Genera àSpecies.Thus, species is the basic unit of classification. There were various systems of classifications proposed by the westerners based on :
'''Modern Taxonomy'''
Science of the modern times defines Taxonomy as the branch of science that deals with the description, naming and classification of organisms. The term is derived from the ancient Greek words ''taxis'' (arrangement) and ''nomia'' (method). Taxonomist aims to group together living forms which have common associates. This science is hierarchical. à various Divisions à Classes à Orders à Families à Genera àSpecies.Thus, species is the basic unit of classification. There were various systems of classifications proposed by the westerners based on :
1. Habits
1. Habits
The first system of classification which is based on habits was put forth by the Greeks and was in vogue for about 10 centuries. The prominent contributors in this field are:
The first system of classification which is based on habits was put forth by the Greeks and was in vogue for about 10 centuries. The prominent contributors in this field are:
'''Table 2: Habits'''
'''Habits'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Sl.'''
|'''Sl.'''
|Theophrastus
|Theophrastus
(Father of botany)
(Father of botany)
(370-285 B.C)
(370-285 B.C)
- Greek
- Greek
|Form or
|Form or
|Trees,
|Trees,
Shrubs,
Shrubs,
Undershrubs
Undershrubs
& Herbs
& Herbs
|Distinguished between centripetal & centrifugal inflorescences, recognised differences in ovary position, and in polypetalous and gamopetalous corollas
|Distinguished between centripetal & centrifugal inflorescences, recognised differences in ovary position, and in polypetalous and gamopetalous corollas
|-
|-
|2
|2
|Andrea Cesalpino
|Andrea Cesalpino
(1519-1631) - Italian
(1519-1631) - Italian
|· ovary position; Number of locules in ovary bulbs;
|· ovary position; Number of locules in ovary bulbs;
· nature of sap;
· nature of sap;
|Herbs & Trees
|Herbs & Trees
|Influenced later botanists like Linnaeus
|Influenced later botanists like Linnaeus
|-
|-
|3
|3
|John Ray (1628-1705) - English
|John Ray (1628-1705) - English
|Form & gross morphology
|Form & gross morphology
|Woody & herbaceous plants
|Woody & herbaceous plants
|Accounted for nearly 18000 species; recognised monocots & dicots; classes based on fruit-type (cone-bearing, nut-bearing. etc.,); superior to even Linnaean system
|Accounted for nearly 18000 species; recognised monocots & dicots; classes based on fruit-type (cone-bearing, nut-bearing. etc.,); superior to even Linnaean system
|}
|}
'''Table 3: Artificial Systems based on numerical classifications'''
'''Artificial Systems based on numerical classifications'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Sl.'''
|'''Sl.'''
|-
|-
|1
|1
|Carolus Linnaeus
|Carolus Linnaeus
(1707-1778)
(1707-1778)
Father of taxonomic
Father of taxonomic
Botany & Zoology
Botany & Zoology
|Artificial System – length, union & number of stamens
|Artificial System – length, union & number of stamens
|Plants were put into 24 classes; sub-divided into orders based on number of styles in each flower
|Plants were put into 24 classes; sub-divided into orders based on number of styles in each flower
|Identification& naming of unknown plants was possible – a path breaking feature!
|Identification& naming of unknown plants was possible – a path breaking feature!
|}
|}
'''Table 4: Systems based on form relationships'''
'''Systems based on form relationships'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Sl.'''
|'''Sl.'''
|-
|-
|1
|1
|De Jussieu
|De Jussieu
(17<sup>th</sup> cen. AD)
(17<sup>th</sup> cen. AD)
|Monocot vs. Dicots
|Monocot vs. Dicots
Ovary position ; nature of petals ; distinctness of petals
Ovary position ; nature of petals ; distinctness of petals
|Flowering plants were put into 15 classes ; 100 orders
|Flowering plants were put into 15 classes ; 100 orders
|Natural system; each plant cleary differentialed , named, described
|Natural system; each plant cleary differentialed , named, described
|-
|-
|2
|2
|De Candolle
|De Candolle
(18<sup>th</sup> cen AD)
(18<sup>th</sup> cen AD)
|Nature of corolla, gamopetalous vs. Polypetalous corollas; ovary positions
|Nature of corolla, gamopetalous vs. Polypetalous corollas; ovary positions
|Put plants into 161 families
|Put plants into 161 families
|
|
|-
|-
|3
|3
|Bentham & Hooker(1800-1884)- English
|Bentham & Hooker(1800-1884)- English
|Nature of corolla & seeds, ovary position
|Nature of corolla & seeds, ovary position
|Classifies plants into 200 orders , 7569 orders
|Classifies plants into 200 orders , 7569 orders
|Describes taxa of all levels
|Describes taxa of all levels
|}
|}
'''Table 5: Systems based on Phylogeny'''
'''Systems based on Phylogeny'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Sl.'''
|'''Sl.'''
|Eichler(1839-1887)
|Eichler(1839-1887)
|Seeds
|Seeds
|Cryptogamae – ferns, bryophytes, hepatics, fungi and algae& Phanerogamae- seed plants (thallophytes, bryophytes & pteridophytes)
|Cryptogamae – ferns, bryophytes, hepatics, fungi and algae& Phanerogamae- seed plants (thallophytes, bryophytes & pteridophytes)
|Seed-plants were for the first time put into two major taxa – angiospermae & gynnospermae
|Seed-plants were for the first time put into two major taxa – angiospermae & gynnospermae
|-
|-
|2
|2
|Adolph Engler
|Adolph Engler
(1844-1930)
(1844-1930)
|Monocots, dicots
|Monocots, dicots
|Angiospermae and gymnospermae ; the angiospermae were divided into monocots and dicots ; and dicots further sub-divided
|Angiospermae and gymnospermae ; the angiospermae were divided into monocots and dicots ; and dicots further sub-divided
|Provides means of identification of all of the known genera of plants from algae to advanced seed plants
|Provides means of identification of all of the known genera of plants from algae to advanced seed plants
|}
|}
'''Analysis & Synthesis'''
The Indian system of classification adopted right from the vedic times to the times of the puranas and other lexicons provide classification based on habits, dietetic value and also on botanical terms. In the modern science systems, the classification is based on habits, natural and artificial methods. The hierarchial system of classification adopted by the modern scientists and the binomial nomenclature adopted by the westerners is absent in our traditional Indian system. The divisions of plants based on properties and food-value tell us that the focus of the Indians had been mainly on finding the usefulness of each & every plant and putting them under a broad category. In addition to that, since the naming of plants was done by notable morphological features, it appealed even to the common-man.
'''Conclusion'''
In both Indian and Modern systems, there is lot of science involved when it comes to identifying or naming plants. The plants were classed depending on the knowledge existing at that time about the variety or nature of plants. The Indians had minor variations with respect to definitions of few classes of plant-varieties.The Westerners were fairly uniform on the definitions of various botanical terminologies.
अथर्ववेद
प्रस्तृणती स्तम्बिनीरेकशृङ्गः प्रतन्वतीरोषधीरा वदामि
अंशुमतीः काण्डिनीर्या विशाखा ह्वयामि ते वीरुदो वैश्वदेवीरुग्राः पुरूपजीवनी
या बभ्रवो याश्चा शुक्रा रोहिणीरुत पृश्नयः
असिक्नीः कृष्णा ओषधीः सर्वा अच्छावदामसि
मधुमन्मूलं मधुमदग्रमासां मधुमन्मध्यं वीरुधां बभूव
मधुमत् पर्णं मधुमत् मधोः संभक्ता अमृतस्य भक्षो घृृतमन्नं दुह्रतां गोपुंरोगवम्
प्रस्तृृणति स्तम्बिनिः एकसृङ्गोः तनुवतिः अंशुमतिः कण्डिनि विशाखाः
शुक्रा रोहिणीसुत पृश्नयः असिक्नीः कृष्णा
मधुमन्मूलं मधुमदग्रम् मधुमन्मध्यं मधुमत् पर्णं मधुमत् पुष्पम्
पाणिनि
बभाषौधिवनस्पतिभ्यः अवयवे च प्राण्यौषधिवृक्षेभ्यः
वनं पुरगामिश्रकासिघ्रकासारिकाकोटराग्रेभ्यः
प्रनिरन्तः शरेक्षुम्लक्षाम्रकार्ष्यखादिरपीयूक्षाभ्योऽसंज्ञयामपि
ओषधिवन
वनस्पतिवन
मनु
ओषधि वनस्पति वृक्ष गुल्म तृण प्रतान वल्ली
उद्भिज्जाः स्थावराः सर्वे बीजकाण्डप्ररोहिणः ।
ओषध्यः फलपाकान्ता बहुपुष्पकलोअगाः ॥
अपुष्पाः फलवन्तो ये ते वनस्पतयः स्मृताः ।
पुष्पिणः फलिनश्चैव वृक्षास्तूभयतः स्मृताः ॥
गुच्छगुल्मं तु विविधं तथैव तृणजातयः
बीजकाण्डरुहाण्येव प्रताना वल्लय एव च ॥
सुश्रुत चरक
तासां स्थावराश्चतुर्विधाः
वनस्पतयो वृक्षा वीरुध ओषधय इति तासु अपुष्पाः फलवन्तो वनस्पतयः पुष्पफलवन्तो वृक्षाः प्रतानवत्यः स्तम्बिन्यश्च वीरुधः फलपाकनिष्ठा ओषधय इति
वनस्पतयस्तथा वीरुद्वानस्पत्यस्तथौषधिः फलैः वनस्पतिः पुष्पैः वानस्पतयः फलैरपि
ओषध्यः फलपाकान्ताः प्रतावैः वीरुधः स्मृताः
वनस्पति वानस्पत्य
ओषधि वीरुध्
भागवत पुराण
वनस्पत्यौषधिलतात्वक्सारा वीरुधो द्रुमाः
उत्स्रोतरस्तमः प्राया अन्तः स्पर्शा विशेषिणः
वनस्पति द्रुम ओषधि लता त्वक्सार वीरुध्
मत्स्यपुराण
यदाभिषिक्तः सकलाधिराज्ये पृथुर्धत्र्यामधिपो बभूव
तदौषधीनामधिपं चकार यञव्रतानां तपसाञ्च चन्द्रम्
नक्षत्रतारद्विजवृक्षगुल्मलतावितानस्य च रुक्मगर्भः
अपामधीशं वरुणं धनानां राज्ञां प्रभुं वैश्रवणञ्च तद्वत्
जलजस्थलजैः पुष्पैः प्रोत्फुल्लैः उपधोभितम्
चित्रकन्दरसंस्थानं गुहागृहमनोहरम्
वृक्ष गुल्म लता वीरुध वल्ली ओषधि कृष्ट स्वयम्जात जलज स्थलज
उपवनविनोद
वनस्पतिद्रुमलतागुल्माः पदजातयः
बीजात्काण्डात्तथा कन्दात्तज्जन्म त्रिविधं विदुः
वनस्पति द्रुम लता गुल्म