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== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==

== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==

A student who has had the ritual abulation after completion of his study in the gurukula is called a [http://dharmawiki.org/dharmawiki/index.php/Snataka_Dharma_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83)#.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A5.A5_Snataka_Vyakhya Snataka] (स्नातकः ॥ a graduate). He then enters the second phase of his life - the [[Grhasthashrama (गृहस्थाश्रमः)|Grhasthashrama]]. Manusmrti elaborates on the code of conduct ([[Snataka Dharma (स्नातकधर्मः)|Snataka Dharma]]) as he readies to take up the responsibilities of a grhastha. And one of the important duties therein is sustenance of the family. In the execution of this responsibility, adherence to certain qualities is enforced in the life of a Snataka subsisting through different means of livelihood. They are,   

A student who has had the ritual abulation after completion of his study in the gurukula is called a [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Snataka_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83)#.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A5.A5_Snataka_Vyakhya Snataka] (स्नातकः ॥ a graduate). He then enters the second phase of his life - the [[Grhasthashrama (गृहस्थाश्रमः)|Grhasthashrama]]. Manusmrti elaborates on the duties ([[Snataka Dharma (स्नातकधर्मः)|Snataka Dharma]]) as he readies to take up the responsibilities of a grhastha. And one of the important duties therein is sustenance of the family. In the execution of this responsibility, adherence to certain qualities is enforced in the life of a Snataka subsisting through different means of livelihood. They are,   

* अप्रसक्तिः ॥ Non-attachment  

* अप्रसक्तिः ॥ Non-attachment  

* अहिंसा ॥ Non-violence  

* अहिंसा ॥ Non-violence  

*One should not seek wealth by clinging pursuits, or by contrary acts; nor when wealth is already there; nor from here and there, even in times of distress. (Manu. Smrt. 4.15).<ref name=":3">Ganganath Jha (1920-39), Manusmrti ([https://ia801603.us.archive.org/33/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.46010/2015.46010.Manusmrti--Vol-4.pdf Vol.4]), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.</ref><blockquote>नेहेतार्थान्प्रसङ्गेन न विरुद्धेन कर्मणा । न विद्यमानेष्वर्थेषु नार्त्यां अपि यतस्ततः || ४.१५ ||<ref name=":0">Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 4].</ref></blockquote><blockquote>nehetārthānprasaṅgena na viruddhena karmaṇā । na vidyamāneṣvartheṣu nārtyāṁ api yatastataḥ || 4.15 ||</blockquote>

*One should not seek wealth by clinging pursuits, or by contrary acts; nor when wealth is already there; nor from here and there, even in times of distress. (Manu. Smrt. 4.15).<ref name=":3">Ganganath Jha (1920-39), Manusmrti ([https://ia801603.us.archive.org/33/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.46010/2015.46010.Manusmrti--Vol-4.pdf Vol.4]), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.</ref><blockquote>नेहेतार्थान्प्रसङ्गेन न विरुद्धेन कर्मणा । न विद्यमानेष्वर्थेषु नार्त्यां अपि यतस्ततः || ४.१५ ||<ref name=":0">Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 4].</ref></blockquote><blockquote>nehetārthānprasaṅgena na viruddhena karmaṇā । na vidyamāneṣvartheṣu nārtyāṁ api yatastataḥ || 4.15 ||</blockquote>

*One should not, through desires, become addicted to any sensual objects; excessive addiction to these, one shall avoid by mental reflection. (Manu .Smrt. 4.16).<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>इन्द्रियार्थेषु सर्वेषु न प्रसज्येत कामतः । अतिप्रसक्तिं चैतेषां मनसा संनिवर्तयेत् || ४.१६ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>indriyārtheṣu sarveṣu na prasajyeta kāmataḥ । atiprasaktiṁ caiteṣāṁ manasā saṁnivartayet || 4.16 ||</blockquote>

*One should not, through desires, become addicted to any sensual objects; excessive addiction to these, one shall avoid by mental reflection. (Manu .Smrt. 4.16).<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>इन्द्रियार्थेषु सर्वेषु न प्रसज्येत कामतः । अतिप्रसक्तिं चैतेषां मनसा संनिवर्तयेत् || ४.१६ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>indriyārtheṣu sarveṣu na prasajyeta kāmataḥ । atiprasaktiṁ caiteṣāṁ manasā saṁnivartayet || 4.16 ||</blockquote>

*Though entitled to accept presents, one should avoid addiction to it; because, by receiving gifts, one's spiritual light is quickly extinguished. (Manu Smrt. 4.186).<ref name=":3" /> An ignorant brahmana who wishes to accept donations, sinks to the hell along with the donor like how those seated in a boat made of stone submerge in water. (Manu. Smrt. 4.190).<ref name=":1">Pt. Girija Prasad Dvivedi (1917), [https://archive.org/details/ManusmrtiHindiTranslationGirijaPrasadDvivediNavalKishore The Manusmriti], Lucknow: Naval Kishore Press.</ref><blockquote>प्रतिग्रहसमर्थोऽपि प्रसङ्गं तत्र वर्जयेत् । प्रतिग्रहेण ह्यस्याशु ब्राह्मं तेजः प्रशाम्यति || ४.१८६ ||</blockquote><blockquote>अतपास्त्वनधीयानः प्रतिग्रहरुचिर्द्विजः । अम्भस्यश्मप्लवेनेव सह तेनैव मज्जति || ४.१९० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>pratigrahasamartho'pi prasaṅgaṁ tatra varjayet । pratigraheṇa hyasyāśu brāhmaṁ tejaḥ praśāmyati || 4.186 ||</blockquote><blockquote>atapāstvanadhīyānaḥ pratigraharucirdvijaḥ । ambhasyaśmaplaveneva saha tenaiva majjati || 4.190 ||</blockquote>

*Though entitled to accept presents, one should avoid addiction to it; because, by receiving gifts, one's adhyatmik light is quickly extinguished. (Manu Smrt. 4.186).<ref name=":3" /> An ignorant brahmana who wishes to accept donations, sinks to the hell along with the donor like how those seated in a boat made of stone submerge in water. (Manu. Smrt. 4.190).<ref name=":1">Pt. Girija Prasad Dvivedi (1917), [https://archive.org/details/ManusmrtiHindiTranslationGirijaPrasadDvivediNavalKishore The Manusmriti], Lucknow: Naval Kishore Press.</ref><blockquote>प्रतिग्रहसमर्थोऽपि प्रसङ्गं तत्र वर्जयेत् । प्रतिग्रहेण ह्यस्याशु ब्राह्मं तेजः प्रशाम्यति || ४.१८६ ||</blockquote><blockquote>अतपास्त्वनधीयानः प्रतिग्रहरुचिर्द्विजः । अम्भस्यश्मप्लवेनेव सह तेनैव मज्जति || ४.१९० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>pratigrahasamartho'pi prasaṅgaṁ tatra varjayet । pratigraheṇa hyasyāśu brāhmaṁ tejaḥ praśāmyati || 4.186 ||</blockquote><blockquote>atapāstvanadhīyānaḥ pratigraharucirdvijaḥ । ambhasyaśmaplaveneva saha tenaiva majjati || 4.190 ||</blockquote>

==अहिंसा ॥ Non-violence==

==अहिंसा ॥ Non-violence==

*One should not injure one's Preceptor, Teacher, Father, mother, another elder, Brahmanas, Cows, or any persons performing austerities. (Manu. Smrt. 4.162).<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>आचार्यं च प्रवक्तारं पितरं मातरं गुरुम् । न हिंस्याद्ब्राह्मणान्गाश्च सर्वांश्चैव तपस्विनः || ४.१६२ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>ācāryaṁ ca pravaktāraṁ pitaraṁ mātaraṁ gurum । na hiṁsyādbrāhmaṇāngāśca sarvāṁścaiva tapasvinaḥ || 4.162 ||</blockquote>

 

*<blockquote>One should not injure one's Preceptor, Teacher, Father, mother, another elder, Brahmanas, Cows, or any persons performing austerities. (Manu. Smrt. 4.162).<ref name=":3" /></blockquote><blockquote>आचार्यं च प्रवक्तारं पितरं मातरं गुरुम् । न हिंस्याद्ब्राह्मणान्गाश्च सर्वांश्चैव तपस्विनः || ४.१६२ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>ācāryaṁ ca pravaktāraṁ pitaraṁ mātaraṁ gurum । na hiṁsyādbrāhmaṇāngāśca sarvāṁścaiva tapasvinaḥ || 4.162 ||</blockquote>

*One should avoid disbelief and finding faults in the [[Vedas (वेदाः)|Vedas]], abusing of the deities, hatred, haughtiness, pride, anger and hastiness. (Manu. Smrt. 4.163).<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>नास्तिक्यं वेदनिन्दां च देवतानां च कुत्सनम् । द्वेषं दम्भं च मानं च क्रोधं तैक्ष्ण्यं च वर्जयेत् || ४.१६३ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>nāstikyaṁ vedanindāṁ ca devatānāṁ ca kutsanam । dveṣaṁ dambhaṁ ca mānaṁ ca krodhaṁ taikṣṇyaṁ ca varjayet || 4.163 ||</blockquote>

*One should avoid disbelief and finding faults in the [[Vedas (वेदाः)|Vedas]], abusing of the deities, hatred, haughtiness, pride, anger and hastiness. (Manu. Smrt. 4.163).<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>नास्तिक्यं वेदनिन्दां च देवतानां च कुत्सनम् । द्वेषं दम्भं च मानं च क्रोधं तैक्ष्ण्यं च वर्जयेत् || ४.१६३ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>nāstikyaṁ vedanindāṁ ca devatānāṁ ca kutsanam । dveṣaṁ dambhaṁ ca mānaṁ ca krodhaṁ taikṣṇyaṁ ca varjayet || 4.163 ||</blockquote>

*One should not, when angry, raise the rod against another person, nor should one let it fall; except in the case of the son or the pupil; these two one may beat with a view to correction. (Manu. Smrt. 4.164).<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>परस्य दण्डं नोद्यच्छेत्क्रुद्धो नैनं निपातयेत् । अन्यत्र पुत्राच्छिष्याद्वा शिष्ट्यर्थं ताडयेत्तु तौ || ४.१६४ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>parasya daṇḍaṁ nodyacchetkruddho nainaṁ nipātayet । anyatra putrācchiṣyādvā śiṣṭyarthaṁ tāḍayettu tau || 4.164 ||</blockquote>

*One should not, when angry, raise the rod against another person, nor should one let it fall; except in the case of the son or the pupil; these two one may beat with a view to correction. (Manu. Smrt. 4.164).<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>परस्य दण्डं नोद्यच्छेत्क्रुद्धो नैनं निपातयेत् । अन्यत्र पुत्राच्छिष्याद्वा शिष्ट्यर्थं ताडयेत्तु तौ || ४.१६४ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>parasya daṇḍaṁ nodyacchetkruddho nainaṁ nipātayet । anyatra putrācchiṣyādvā śiṣṭyarthaṁ tāḍayettu tau || 4.164 ||</blockquote>

*One should always delight in truthfulness, dharma and right conduct, as also in cleanliness; one should discipline one's pupils in accordance with dharma - with the speech, arms, and belly duly controlled. (Manu. Smrt. 4.175).<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>सत्यधर्मार्यवृत्तेषु शौचे चैवारमेत्सदा । शिष्यांश्च शिष्याद्धर्मेण वाग्बाहूदरसंयतः || ४.१७५ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>satyadharmāryavr̥tteṣu śauce caivārametsadā । śiṣyāṁśca śiṣyāddharmeṇa vāgbāhūdarasaṁyataḥ || 4.175 ||</blockquote>

*One should always delight in truthfulness, dharma and right conduct, as also in cleanliness; one should discipline one's pupils in accordance with dharma - with the speech, arms, and belly duly controlled. (Manu. Smrt. 4.175).<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>सत्यधर्मार्यवृत्तेषु शौचे चैवारमेत्सदा । शिष्यांश्च शिष्याद्धर्मेण वाग्बाहूदरसंयतः || ४.१७५ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>satyadharmāryavr̥tteṣu śauce caivārametsadā । śiṣyāṁśca śiṣyāddharmeṇa vāgbāhūdarasaṁyataḥ || 4.175 ||</blockquote>

*One should avoid such wealth and pleasures as are opposed to righteousness, as also righteousness if it be conducive to unhappiness, or disapproved by the people. (Manu. Smrt. 4.176).<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>परित्यजेदर्थकामौ यौ स्यातां धर्मवर्जितौ । धर्मं चाप्यसुखोदर्कं लोकसंक्रुष्टं एव च || ४.१७६ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>parityajedarthakāmau yau syātāṁ dharmavarjitau । dharmaṁ cāpyasukhodarkaṁ lokasaṁkruṣṭaṁ eva ca || 4.176 ||</blockquote>

*One should avoid such wealth and pleasures as are opposed to righteousness, as also righteousness if it be conducive to unhappiness, or disapproved by the people. (Manu. Smrt. 4.176).<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>परित्यजेदर्थकामौ यौ स्यातां धर्मवर्जितौ । धर्मं चाप्यसुखोदर्कं लोकसंक्रुष्टं एव च || ४.१७६ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>parityajedarthakāmau yau syātāṁ dharmavarjitau । dharmaṁ cāpyasukhodarkaṁ lokasaṁkruṣṭaṁ eva ca || 4.176 ||</blockquote>

*One who is unrighteous, whose wealth is begotten unrighteously, and one who is always addicted to injuring, never obtains happiness in this world. (Manu. Smrt. 4.170).<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>अधार्मिको नरो यो हि यस्य चाप्यनृतं धनम् । हिंसारतश्च यो नित्यं नेहासौ सुखम् एधते || ४.१७० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>adhārmiko naro yo hi yasya cāpyanr̥taṁ dhanam । hiṁsārataśca yo nityaṁ nehāsau sukhaṁ edhate || 4.170 ||</blockquote>

 

*Perceiving the quick overthrow of unrighteous and wicked people, one should not turn one's mind towards unrighteousness, even though suffering in consequence of righteousness. (Manu. Smrt. 4.171).<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>न सीदन्नपि धर्मेण मनोऽधर्मे निवेशयेत् । अधार्मिकानां पापानां आशु पश्यन्विपर्ययम् || ४.१७१ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>na sīdannapi dharmeṇa mano'dharme niveśayet । adhārmikānāṁ pāpānāṁ āśu paśyanviparyayam || 4.171 ||</blockquote>

* Also, taking lesson from the quick overthrow of unrighteous and wicked people, one should avoid turning one's mind towards unrighteousness, even if suffering in consequence of righteousness. (Manu. Smrt. 4.171).<ref name=":3" />

<blockquote>न सीदन्नपि धर्मेण मनोऽधर्मे निवेशयेत् । अधार्मिकानां पापानां आशु पश्यन्विपर्ययम् || ४.१७१ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>na sīdannapi dharmeṇa mano'dharme niveśayet । adhārmikānāṁ pāpānāṁ āśu paśyanviparyayam || 4.171 ||</blockquote>

* In short, one should say what is true; and what is agreeable; one should not say what is true, but disagreeable; nor should one say what is agreeable, but untrue; this is the eternal dharma. What is (not) well, one should call 'well'; or simply say 'well'; one should not create needless enmity or dispute with any one. (Manu. Smrt. 4.138 and 139).<ref name=":3" />

*A person on the path of adharma, prospers at first, through wealth, experiences happiness and conquers his enemies, but at last, he is destroyed from the roots. (Manu. Smrt. 4.174).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>अधर्मेणैधते तावत्ततो भद्राणि पश्यति । ततः सपत्नान्जयति समूलस्तु विनश्यति || ४.१७४ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>adharmeṇaidhate tāvattato bhadrāṇi paśyati । tataḥ sapatnānjayati samūlastu vinaśyati || 4.174 ||</blockquote>

<blockquote>भद्रं भद्रं इति ब्रूयाद्भद्रं इत्येव वा वदेत् । शुष्कवैरं विवादं च न कुर्यात्केन चित्सह || ४.१३९ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>bhadraṁ bhadraṁ iti brūyādbhadraṁ ityeva vā vadet । śuṣkavairaṁ vivādaṁ ca na kuryātkena citsaha || 4.139 ||</blockquote>In this context, the Manusmriti also enumerates on the fruits of [[Adharma (अधर्मः)|Adharma]] and the fate of those following the path of Adharma.

*In short, one should say what is true; and what is agreeable; one should not say what is true, but disagreeable; nor should one say what is agreeable, but untrue; this is the eternal dharma. What is (not) well, one should call 'well'; or simply say 'well'; one should not create needless enmity or dispute with any one. (Manu. Smrt. 4.138 and 139).<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>भद्रं भद्रं इति ब्रूयाद्भद्रं इत्येव वा वदेत् । शुष्कवैरं विवादं च न कुर्यात्केन चित्सह || ४.१३९ ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>bhadraṁ bhadraṁ iti brūyādbhadraṁ ityeva vā vadet । śuṣkavairaṁ vivādaṁ ca na kuryātkena citsaha || 4.139 ||</blockquote>

 

==आत्माश्रयः ॥ Self-reliance==

==आत्माश्रयः ॥ Self-reliance==

*One should carefully avoid every such act as is dependent upon others; such acts as are dependent upon oneself, every one of those one should eagerly pursue. Because, all that is dependent on others is painful; all that is dependent on oneself is pleasing; one should know this to be, in short, the definition of pleasure and pain. (Manu. Smrt. 4.159 and 160).<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>यद्यत्परवशं कर्म तत्तद्यत्नेन वर्जयेत् । यद्यदात्मवशं तु स्यात्तत्तत्सेवेत यत्नतः || ४.१५९ ||</blockquote><blockquote>सर्वं परवशं दुःखं सर्वं आत्मवशं सुखम् । एतद्विद्यात्समासेन लक्षणं सुखदुःखयोः || ४.१६० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>yadyatparavaśaṁ karma tattadyatnena varjayet । yadyadātmavaśaṁ tu syāttattatseveta yatnataḥ || 4.159 ||</blockquote><blockquote>sarvaṁ paravaśaṁ duḥkhaṁ sarvaṁ ātmavaśaṁ sukham । etadvidyātsamāsena lakṣaṇaṁ sukhaduḥkhayoḥ || 4.160 ||</blockquote>

*One should carefully avoid every such act as is dependent upon others; such acts as are dependent upon oneself, every one of those one should eagerly pursue. Because, all that is dependent on others is painful; all that is dependent on oneself is pleasing; one should know this to be, in short, the definition of pleasure and pain. (Manu. Smrt. 4.159 and 160).<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>यद्यत्परवशं कर्म तत्तद्यत्नेन वर्जयेत् । यद्यदात्मवशं तु स्यात्तत्तत्सेवेत यत्नतः || ४.१५९ ||</blockquote><blockquote>सर्वं परवशं दुःखं सर्वं आत्मवशं सुखम् । एतद्विद्यात्समासेन लक्षणं सुखदुःखयोः || ४.१६० ||<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>yadyatparavaśaṁ karma tattadyatnena varjayet । yadyadātmavaśaṁ tu syāttattatseveta yatnataḥ || 4.159 ||</blockquote><blockquote>sarvaṁ paravaśaṁ duḥkhaṁ sarvaṁ ātmavaśaṁ sukham । etadvidyātsamāsena lakṣaṇaṁ sukhaduḥkhayoḥ || 4.160 ||</blockquote>

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[[Category:Dharmas]]

[[Category:Dharmas]]