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Line 117: − ==== श्राद्धभोजनाधिकारी ॥ Shraddha Bhojana Adhikari ====+ Line 117:
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Line 215: − ===== अनधिकारीभोजनफलम् ॥ Results of giving food to the unworthy =====+ Line 213:
Line 225: − − === श्राद्धसमयः ॥ Appropriate time for Shraddha === − * The days of the dark half of the month, beginning with the tenth, but excepting the fourteenth, are recommended for a funeral sacrifice; (it is) not thus (with) the others. (3.276) − <blockquote>कृष्णपक्षे दशम्यादौ वर्जयित्वा चतुर्दशीम् । श्राद्धे प्रशस्तास्तिथयो यथैता न तथेतराः || ३.२७६ ||</blockquote><blockquote>kr̥ṣṇapakṣe daśamyādau varjayitvā caturdaśīm । śrāddhe praśastāstithayo yathaitā na tathetarāḥ || 3.276 ||</blockquote> − * He who performs it on the even (lunar) days and under the even constellations, gains (the fulfilment of) all his wishes; he who honours the forefathers on odd (lunar days) and under odd (constellations), obtains distinguished offspring. (3.277) − <blockquote>युक्षु कुर्वन्दिनर्क्षेषु सर्वान्कामान्समश्नुते । अयुक्षु तु पितॄन्सर्वान्प्रजां प्राप्नोति पुष्कलाम् || ३.२७७ ||</blockquote><blockquote>yukṣu kurvandinarkṣeṣu sarvānkāmānsamaśnute । ayukṣu tu pitr̥̄nsarvānprajāṁ prāpnoti puṣkalām || 3.277 ||</blockquote> − * As the second half of the month is preferable to the first half, even so the afternoon is better for (the performance of) a funeral sacrifice than the forenoon. (3.278) − <blockquote>यथा चैवापरः पक्षः पूर्वपक्षाद्विशिष्यते । तथा श्राद्धस्य पूर्वाह्णादपराह्णो विशिष्यते || ३.२७८ ||</blockquote><blockquote>yathā caivāparaḥ pakṣaḥ pūrvapakṣādviśiṣyate । tathā śrāddhasya pūrvāhṇādaparāhṇo viśiṣyate || 3.278 ||</blockquote> − * Let him not perform a funeral sacrifice at night, because the (night) is declared to belong to the Rakshasas, nor in the twilight, nor when the sun has just risen. (3.280) − <blockquote>रात्रौ श्राद्धं न कुर्वीत राक्षसी कीर्तिता हि सा । संध्ययोरुभयोश्चैव सूर्ये चैवाचिरोदिते || ३.२८० ||</blockquote><blockquote>rātrau śrāddhaṁ na kurvīta rākṣasī kīrtitā hi sā । saṁdhyayorubhayoścaiva sūrye caivācirodite || 3.280 ||</blockquote> − * Let him offer here below a funeral sacrifice, according to the rule given above, (at least) thrice a year, in winter, in summer, and in the rainy season, but that which is included among the five great sacrifices, every day. (3.281) − <blockquote>अनेन विधिना श्राद्धं त्रिरब्दस्येह निर्वपेत् । हेमन्तग्रीष्मवर्षासु पाञ्चयज्ञिकं अन्वहम् || ३.२८१ ||</blockquote><blockquote>anena vidhinā śrāddhaṁ trirabdasyeha nirvapet । hemantagrīṣmavarṣāsu pāñcayajñikaṁ anvaham || 3.281 ||</blockquote>
→श्राद्धभोजनम् ॥ Shraddha Bhojana: Formatting
== श्राद्धकर्ता ॥ Shraddha Karta ==
== श्राद्धकर्ता ॥ Shraddha Karta ==
Manusmrti says, an agnihotri brahmana, having completed the Pitruyajna on a new moon day, should offer Pindanvaharya Shraddha (the funeral sacrifice) every month (Manu Smrt. 3.122).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>पितृयज्ञं तु निर्वर्त्य विप्रश्चन्द्रक्षयेऽग्निमान् । पिण्डान्वाहार्यकं श्राद्धं कुर्यान्मासानुमासिकम् ॥ ३.१२२ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>pitr̥yajñaṁ tu nirvartya vipraścandrakṣaye'gnimān । piṇḍānvāhāryakaṁ śrāddhaṁ kuryānmāsānumāsikam ॥ 3.122 ॥</blockquote>
Manusmrti says, an agnihotri brahmana, having completed the Pitruyajna on a new moon day, should offer Pindanvaharya Shraddha (the funeral sacrifice) every month (Manu Smrt. 3.122).<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>पितृयज्ञं तु निर्वर्त्य विप्रश्चन्द्रक्षयेऽग्निमान् । पिण्डान्वाहार्यकं श्राद्धं कुर्यान्मासानुमासिकम् ॥ ३.१२२ ॥<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>pitr̥yajñaṁ tu nirvartya vipraścandrakṣaye'gnimān । piṇḍānvāhāryakaṁ śrāddhaṁ kuryānmāsānumāsikam ॥ 3.122 ॥</blockquote>
== श्राद्धसमयः ॥ Appropriate time for Shraddha ==
* The days of the dark half of the month, beginning with the tenth, but excepting the fourteenth, are recommended for a funeral sacrifice; (it is) not thus (with) the others. (3.276)
<blockquote>कृष्णपक्षे दशम्यादौ वर्जयित्वा चतुर्दशीम् । श्राद्धे प्रशस्तास्तिथयो यथैता न तथेतराः || ३.२७६ ||</blockquote><blockquote>kr̥ṣṇapakṣe daśamyādau varjayitvā caturdaśīm । śrāddhe praśastāstithayo yathaitā na tathetarāḥ || 3.276 ||</blockquote>
* He who performs it on the even (lunar) days and under the even constellations, gains (the fulfilment of) all his wishes; he who honours the forefathers on odd (lunar days) and under odd (constellations), obtains distinguished offspring. (3.277)
<blockquote>युक्षु कुर्वन्दिनर्क्षेषु सर्वान्कामान्समश्नुते । अयुक्षु तु पितॄन्सर्वान्प्रजां प्राप्नोति पुष्कलाम् || ३.२७७ ||</blockquote><blockquote>yukṣu kurvandinarkṣeṣu sarvānkāmānsamaśnute । ayukṣu tu pitr̥̄nsarvānprajāṁ prāpnoti puṣkalām || 3.277 ||</blockquote>
* As the second half of the month is preferable to the first half, even so the afternoon is better for (the performance of) a funeral sacrifice than the forenoon. (3.278)
<blockquote>यथा चैवापरः पक्षः पूर्वपक्षाद्विशिष्यते । तथा श्राद्धस्य पूर्वाह्णादपराह्णो विशिष्यते || ३.२७८ ||</blockquote><blockquote>yathā caivāparaḥ pakṣaḥ pūrvapakṣādviśiṣyate । tathā śrāddhasya pūrvāhṇādaparāhṇo viśiṣyate || 3.278 ||</blockquote>
* Let him not perform a funeral sacrifice at night, because the (night) is declared to belong to the Rakshasas, nor in the twilight, nor when the sun has just risen. (3.280)
<blockquote>रात्रौ श्राद्धं न कुर्वीत राक्षसी कीर्तिता हि सा । संध्ययोरुभयोश्चैव सूर्ये चैवाचिरोदिते || ३.२८० ||</blockquote><blockquote>rātrau śrāddhaṁ na kurvīta rākṣasī kīrtitā hi sā । saṁdhyayorubhayoścaiva sūrye caivācirodite || 3.280 ||</blockquote>
* Let him offer here below a funeral sacrifice, according to the rule given above, (at least) thrice a year, in winter, in summer, and in the rainy season, but that which is included among the five great sacrifices, every day. (3.281)
<blockquote>अनेन विधिना श्राद्धं त्रिरब्दस्येह निर्वपेत् । हेमन्तग्रीष्मवर्षासु पाञ्चयज्ञिकं अन्वहम् || ३.२८१ ||</blockquote><blockquote>anena vidhinā śrāddhaṁ trirabdasyeha nirvapet । hemantagrīṣmavarṣāsu pāñcayajñikaṁ anvaham || 3.281 ||</blockquote>
== श्राद्धहविः ॥ The Offerings of Shraddha ==
== श्राद्धहविः ॥ The Offerings of Shraddha ==
सोपानत्कश्च यद्भुङ्क्ते तद्वै रक्षांसि भुञ्जते । । ३.२३८ । ।<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>atyuṣṇaṁ sarvaṁ annaṁ syādbhuñjīraṁste ca vāgyatāḥ । na ca dvijātayo brūyurdātrā pr̥ṣṭā havirguṇān || 3.236 ||</blockquote><blockquote>yāvaduṣmā bhavatyannaṁ yāvadaśnanti vāgyatāḥ । pitarastāvadaśnanti yāvannoktā havirguṇāḥ || 3.237 ||</blockquote><blockquote>yadveṣṭitaśirā bhuṅkte yadbhuṅkte dakṣiṇāmukhaḥ ।sopānatkaśca yadbhuṅkte tadvai rakṣāṁsi bhuñjate । । 3.238 । ।</blockquote>
सोपानत्कश्च यद्भुङ्क्ते तद्वै रक्षांसि भुञ्जते । । ३.२३८ । ।<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>atyuṣṇaṁ sarvaṁ annaṁ syādbhuñjīraṁste ca vāgyatāḥ । na ca dvijātayo brūyurdātrā pr̥ṣṭā havirguṇān || 3.236 ||</blockquote><blockquote>yāvaduṣmā bhavatyannaṁ yāvadaśnanti vāgyatāḥ । pitarastāvadaśnanti yāvannoktā havirguṇāḥ || 3.237 ||</blockquote><blockquote>yadveṣṭitaśirā bhuṅkte yadbhuṅkte dakṣiṇāmukhaḥ ।sopānatkaśca yadbhuṅkte tadvai rakṣāṁsi bhuñjate । । 3.238 । ।</blockquote>
=== श्राद्धभोजनाधिकारी ॥ Shraddha Bhojana Adhikari ===
* Food sacred to the forefathers or to the gods must be given to a man distinguished by sacred knowledge; for hands, smeared with blood, cannot be cleansed with blood. (Manu 3.132). Infact, it is said that, as many mouthfuls as an ignorant man swallows at a sacrifice to the gods or to the forefathers, so many red-hot spikes, spears, and iron balls must (the giver of the repast) swallow after death. (Manu 3.133)
* Food sacred to the forefathers or to the gods must be given to a man distinguished by sacred knowledge; for hands, smeared with blood, cannot be cleansed with blood. (Manu 3.132). Infact, it is said that, as many mouthfuls as an ignorant man swallows at a sacrifice to the gods or to the forefathers, so many red-hot spikes, spears, and iron balls must (the giver of the repast) swallow after death. (Manu 3.133)
<blockquote>ज्ञानोत्कृष्टाय देयानि कव्यानि च हवींषि च । न हि हस्तावसृग्दिग्धौ रुधिरेणैव शुध्यतः ॥ ३.१३२ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>यावतो ग्रसते ग्रासान्हव्यकव्येष्वमन्त्रवित् । तावतो ग्रसते प्रेतो दीप्तशूलर्ष्ट्ययोगुडान् ॥ ३.१३३ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>jñānotkr̥ṣṭāya deyāni kavyāni ca havīṁṣi ca । na hi hastāvasr̥gdigdhau rudhireṇaiva śudhyataḥ ॥ 3.132 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>yāvato grasate grāsānhavyakavyeṣvamantravit । tāvato grasate preto dīptaśūlarṣṭyayoguḍān ॥ 3.133 ॥</blockquote>
<blockquote>ज्ञानोत्कृष्टाय देयानि कव्यानि च हवींषि च । न हि हस्तावसृग्दिग्धौ रुधिरेणैव शुध्यतः ॥ ३.१३२ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>यावतो ग्रसते ग्रासान्हव्यकव्येष्वमन्त्रवित् । तावतो ग्रसते प्रेतो दीप्तशूलर्ष्ट्ययोगुडान् ॥ ३.१३३ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>jñānotkr̥ṣṭāya deyāni kavyāni ca havīṁṣi ca । na hi hastāvasr̥gdigdhau rudhireṇaiva śudhyataḥ ॥ 3.132 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>yāvato grasate grāsānhavyakavyeṣvamantravit । tāvato grasate preto dīptaśūlarṣṭyayoguḍān ॥ 3.133 ॥</blockquote>
<blockquote>न श्राद्धे भोजयेन्मित्रं धनैः कार्योऽस्य संग्रहः । नारिं न मित्रं यं विद्यात्तं श्राद्धे भोजयेद्द्विजम् ॥ ३.१३८ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>यस्य मित्रप्रधानानि श्राद्धानि च हवींषि च । तस्य प्रेत्य फलं नास्ति श्राद्धेषु च हविःषु च ॥ ३.१३९ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>यः संगतानि कुरुते मोहाच्छ्राद्धेन मानवः । स स्वर्गाच्च्यवते लोकाच्छ्राद्धमित्रो द्विजाधमः ॥ ३.१४० ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>संभोजानि साभिहिता पैशाची दक्षिणा द्विजैः । इहैवास्ते तु सा लोके गौरन्धेवैकवेश्मनि ॥ ३.१४१ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>na śrāddhe bhojayenmitraṁ dhanaiḥ kāryo'sya saṁgrahaḥ । nāriṁ na mitraṁ yaṁ vidyāttaṁ śrāddhe bhojayeddvijam ॥ 3.138 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>yasya mitrapradhānāni śrāddhāni ca havīṁṣi ca । tasya pretya phalaṁ nāsti śrāddheṣu ca haviḥṣu ca ॥ 3.139 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>yaḥ saṁgatāni kurute mohācchrāddhena mānavaḥ । sa svargāccyavate lokācchrāddhamitro dvijādhamaḥ ॥ 3.140 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>saṁbhojāni sābhihitā paiśācī dakṣiṇā dvijaiḥ । ihaivāste tu sā loke gaurandhevaikaveśmani ॥ 3.141 ॥</blockquote>
<blockquote>न श्राद्धे भोजयेन्मित्रं धनैः कार्योऽस्य संग्रहः । नारिं न मित्रं यं विद्यात्तं श्राद्धे भोजयेद्द्विजम् ॥ ३.१३८ ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>यस्य मित्रप्रधानानि श्राद्धानि च हवींषि च । तस्य प्रेत्य फलं नास्ति श्राद्धेषु च हविःषु च ॥ ३.१३९ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>यः संगतानि कुरुते मोहाच्छ्राद्धेन मानवः । स स्वर्गाच्च्यवते लोकाच्छ्राद्धमित्रो द्विजाधमः ॥ ३.१४० ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>संभोजानि साभिहिता पैशाची दक्षिणा द्विजैः । इहैवास्ते तु सा लोके गौरन्धेवैकवेश्मनि ॥ ३.१४१ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>na śrāddhe bhojayenmitraṁ dhanaiḥ kāryo'sya saṁgrahaḥ । nāriṁ na mitraṁ yaṁ vidyāttaṁ śrāddhe bhojayeddvijam ॥ 3.138 ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>yasya mitrapradhānāni śrāddhāni ca havīṁṣi ca । tasya pretya phalaṁ nāsti śrāddheṣu ca haviḥṣu ca ॥ 3.139 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>yaḥ saṁgatāni kurute mohācchrāddhena mānavaḥ । sa svargāccyavate lokācchrāddhamitro dvijādhamaḥ ॥ 3.140 ॥</blockquote><blockquote>saṁbhojāni sābhihitā paiśācī dakṣiṇā dvijaiḥ । ihaivāste tu sā loke gaurandhevaikaveśmani ॥ 3.141 ॥</blockquote>
=== श्राद्धभोजनानधिकारी ॥ Shraddha Bhojana Anadhikari ===
Just as there are rules determining who is a worthy receipient of Shraddha Bhojana, similarly, Manusmrti enlists those who are not eligible to partake the food offering made in a Shraddha (Manu Smrt 3.150-166). Some of them are as follows:{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|style=width: 900px;|
Just as there are rules determining who is a worthy receipient of Shraddha Bhojana, similarly, Manusmrti enlists those who are not eligible to partake the food offering made in a Shraddha (Manu Smrt 3.150-166). Some of them are as follows:{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|style=width: 900px;|
*स्तेनाः ॥ Stena (Thieves)
*स्तेनाः ॥ Stena (Thieves)
According to Manusmrti, a brahmana who knows (the sacred law) should shun at (sacrifices) both (to the gods and to the forefathers) the above mentioned lowest of dvijas (brahmanas) men, whose conduct is reprehensible, and who are unworthy (to sit) in the company (at a repast) (3.167). Because, as a fire of dry grass is (unable to consume the offerings and is quickly) extinguished, even so (is it with) an unlearned Brahmana; sacrificial food must not be given to him, since it (would be) offered in ashes.(3.168)<blockquote>एतान्विगर्हिताचारानपाङ्क्तेयान्द्विजाधमान् । द्विजातिप्रवरो विद्वानुभयत्र विवर्जयेत् || ३.१६७ ||</blockquote><blockquote>ब्राह्मणो त्वनधीयानस्तृणाग्निरिव शाम्यति । तस्मै हव्यं न दातव्यं न हि भस्मनि हूयते || ३.१६८ ||</blockquote><blockquote>etānvigarhitācārānapāṅkteyāndvijādhamān । dvijātipravaro vidvānubhayatra vivarjayet || 3.167 ||brāhmaṇo tvanadhīyānastr̥ṇāgniriva śāmyati । tasmai havyaṁ na dātavyaṁ na hi bhasmani hūyate || 3.168 ||</blockquote>
According to Manusmrti, a brahmana who knows (the sacred law) should shun at (sacrifices) both (to the gods and to the forefathers) the above mentioned lowest of dvijas (brahmanas) men, whose conduct is reprehensible, and who are unworthy (to sit) in the company (at a repast) (3.167). Because, as a fire of dry grass is (unable to consume the offerings and is quickly) extinguished, even so (is it with) an unlearned Brahmana; sacrificial food must not be given to him, since it (would be) offered in ashes.(3.168)<blockquote>एतान्विगर्हिताचारानपाङ्क्तेयान्द्विजाधमान् । द्विजातिप्रवरो विद्वानुभयत्र विवर्जयेत् || ३.१६७ ||</blockquote><blockquote>ब्राह्मणो त्वनधीयानस्तृणाग्निरिव शाम्यति । तस्मै हव्यं न दातव्यं न हि भस्मनि हूयते || ३.१६८ ||</blockquote><blockquote>etānvigarhitācārānapāṅkteyāndvijādhamān । dvijātipravaro vidvānubhayatra vivarjayet || 3.167 ||brāhmaṇo tvanadhīyānastr̥ṇāgniriva śāmyati । tasmai havyaṁ na dātavyaṁ na hi bhasmani hūyate || 3.168 ||</blockquote>
==== अनधिकारीभोजनफलम् ॥ Results of giving food to the unworthy ====
Talking of the results that a giver obtains, after death, for having given Shraddha Bhojana to the above mentioned unqualified Brahmanas, Manusmrti says that the wise declare the food which (is offered) to other unholy, inadmissible men, enumerated above, (as turned into) adipose secretions, blood, flesh, marrow, and bone. (3.182)<blockquote>इतरेषु त्वपाङ्क्त्येषु यथोद्दिष्टेष्वसाधुषु । मेदोऽसृङ्मांसमज्जास्थि वदन्त्यन्नं मनीषिणः || ३.१८२ ||</blockquote><blockquote>itareṣu tvapāṅktyeṣu yathoddiṣṭeṣvasādhuṣu । medo'sr̥ṅmāṁsamajjāsthi vadantyannaṁ manīṣiṇaḥ || 3.182 ||</blockquote>
Talking of the results that a giver obtains, after death, for having given Shraddha Bhojana to the above mentioned unqualified Brahmanas, Manusmrti says that the wise declare the food which (is offered) to other unholy, inadmissible men, enumerated above, (as turned into) adipose secretions, blood, flesh, marrow, and bone. (3.182)<blockquote>इतरेषु त्वपाङ्क्त्येषु यथोद्दिष्टेष्वसाधुषु । मेदोऽसृङ्मांसमज्जास्थि वदन्त्यन्नं मनीषिणः || ३.१८२ ||</blockquote><blockquote>itareṣu tvapāṅktyeṣu yathoddiṣṭeṣvasādhuṣu । medo'sr̥ṅmāṁsamajjāsthi vadantyannaṁ manīṣiṇaḥ || 3.182 ||</blockquote>
* The Rakshasas, indeed, consume (the food) eaten by Brahmanas who have not fulfilled the vow of studentship, by a Parivettri and so forth, and by other men not admissible into the company. (3.170)
* The Rakshasas, indeed, consume (the food) eaten by Brahmanas who have not fulfilled the vow of studentship, by a Parivettri and so forth, and by other men not admissible into the company. (3.170)
* What has been given to a Brahmana who lives by trade that is not (useful) in this world and the next (3.181)
* What has been given to a Brahmana who lives by trade that is not (useful) in this world and the next (3.181)
<blockquote>यत्तु वाणिजके दत्तं नेह नामुत्र तद्भवेत् । yattu vāṇijake dattaṁ neha nāmutra tadbhavet ।</blockquote>
<blockquote>यत्तु वाणिजके दत्तं नेह नामुत्र तद्भवेत् । yattu vāṇijake dattaṁ neha nāmutra tadbhavet ।</blockquote>
== श्राद्धफलम् ॥ The fruit of Shraddha ==
== श्राद्धफलम् ॥ The fruit of Shraddha ==