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Line 1: + + − Purusha+ − (Sanskrit पुरुषः) is a complex+ − concept whose meaning evolved in Vedic and − Upanishadic times. Depending on source and historical timeline, it means the − cosmic man or Self, Consciousness, and Universal principle. − − − − − + Line 32:
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Line 92: − + − − − − − − − ''Splendid and without a bodily form is this Purusa, without and within, − − From him are born life breath and mind. He is the soul of all beings.'' − − — Munduka − Upanishad, (Verse 2.1.2 Translated by Klaus Klostermair)['''9]''' − + − + Line 152:
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Line 200: − == सम्वाद || Discussion ==
Changed content. meaning corrected
Purusha (Samskrit पुरुषः) is a complex concept whose meaning evolved in Vedic and Upanishadic times. Depending on source and historical timeline, it means the cosmic man or Self, Consciousness, and Universal principle.
== परिचय || Introduction ==
== परिचय || Introduction ==
During the Vedic period, Purusha concept was one of several theories offered for the
creation of universe. Purusha, in Rigveda, was described as a
During the
Vedic period, Purusha concept was one of several theories offered for the
creation of universe. Purusha, in '''Rigveda''', was described as a
being, who becomes a sacrificial victim of gods, and whose sacrifice creates
being, who becomes a sacrificial victim of gods, and whose sacrifice creates
all life forms including human beings.
all life forms including human beings.
In the
In the
According to
According to
the expository Brahmana books or lexicons, ‘Purusha’ has several meanings such
the expository Brahmana books or lexicons, ‘Purusha’ has several meanings such
as:
as:<blockquote>1. पुरति अग्रे गच्छति || ''purati agre gachchati (''He who goes
ahead)</blockquote><blockquote>2. पिपर्ति पूरयति बलम् यः || ''piparti'' puurayati balam yah (That which
1. पुरति अग्रे गच्छति || ''purati agre gachchati (''He who goes
fills all with his strength'')''</blockquote><blockquote>3. पूर्षु शेते यः || ''purshu shete yah'' (He who lies
ahead)
inside a township).</blockquote><blockquote>4. Pur-usha,
the dawn in the city; He who is filled with light;</blockquote><blockquote>5. Puru-sha –
2. पिपर्ति पूरयति बलम् यः || ''piparti'' puurayati balam yah (That which
filled with wisdom and eternal happiness; citizen of Heaven</blockquote>Purusha with
fills all with his strength'')''
3. पूर्षु शेते यः || ''purshu shete yah'' (He who lies
inside a township).
4. Pur-usha,
the dawn in the city; He who is filled with light;
5. Puru-sha –
filled with wisdom and eternal happiness; citizen of Heaven
Purusha with
its three kaleidoscopic syllables, pu-ru-sha, keeps unfolding in a never-ending
its three kaleidoscopic syllables, pu-ru-sha, keeps unfolding in a never-ending
play, the image of the creation like a musical theme developed by a skillful
play, the image of the creation like a musical theme developed by a skillful
includes the realization of Purusha.
includes the realization of Purusha.
== Concept of तद् एकम् || Tad Ekam in नासदीय सूक्तं || Nasadiya Suktam (Rig Veda) ('''should this be in block quote''') ==
== तद् एकम् || Tad Ekam As in नासदीय सूक्तं || Nasadiya Suktam (Rig Veda) ==
Rig veda
Rig veda
clearly talks about the Origin of Creation in the 10th mandala, which is
clearly talks about the Origin of Creation in the 10th mandala, which is<blockquote>popularly known as the Nasadiya suktam.
popularly known as the Nasadiya suktam. <blockquote>"
न मृ॒त्यु: आसीत्
न मृ॒त्यु: आसीत्
अमृतं॒ न तर्हि॒"</blockquote><blockquote>"
अमृतं॒ न तर्हि॒"
"Then not
"Then not
death existed, nor the immortal" (10.129.2)"</blockquote>आनी॑त् अवा॒तं
death existed, nor the immortal" (10.129.2)"</blockquote>आनी॑त् अवा॒तं स्व॒धया॒ तत् एकम्तस्माद्धान्यन्न परः किञ्चनास
स्व॒धया॒ '''तत् एकम्'''तस्माद्धान्यन्न परः किञ्चनास
“'''That One'''
“'''That One'''
तपस॒:
तपस॒:
तत्महि॒नअजाय॒तएकम्
तत्महि॒नअजाय॒तएकम् "That One,
"That One,
enclosed in nothing (void), was born from heat (tapas)" (10.129.3)
enclosed in nothing (void), was born from heat (tapas)" (10.129.3)
Mundaka
Mundaka
Upanishad is the vedanga of the Atharvana Veda. Verses 2-5 describe the
Upanishad is the vedanga of the Atharvana Veda. Verses 2-5 describe the
attributes of the Purusha.
attributes of the Purusha. <blockquote>दिव्यो ह्यमूर्तः पुरुषः सबाह्याभ्यन्तरो ह्यजः |</blockquote><blockquote>अप्रणो ह्यमनाः शुभ्रो ह्यक्षरात्परतः परः || (Mund. Upan. 2.1.2)</blockquote>Meaning : Replete without a form, this Purusha, all pervading and internal, unborn, without life (breath) or intellect, from Him arise life, breath and mind.
दिव्यो ह्यमूर्तः '''पुरुषः''' सबाह्याभ्यन्तरो ह्यजः |
अप्रणो ह्यमनाः
शुभ्रो ह्यक्षरात्परतः परः ||२.१.२ ||
unborn, without life breath and without mind, higher than the supreme element.
It was said
It was said
that from that Imperishable Being, everything proceeds; the world is created by
that from that Imperishable Being, everything proceeds; the world is created by
That. That Supreme Imperishable is the divine, formless '''Purusha'''. Here
That. That Supreme Imperishable is the divine, formless Purusha. Here
Purusha is to be understood in the sense of essential Consciousness. The origin
Purusha is to be understood in the sense of essential Consciousness. The origin
of all things is Consciousness.
of all things is Consciousness.
Verse 2.1.3
Verse 2.1.3
* the अन्तरात्मन् || Antaratman (the Inner-Atman) which comprehends the whole range of material phenomena, gross and subtle, with which the Jiva concerns himself
* the अन्तरात्मन् || Antaratman (the Inner-Atman) which comprehends the whole range of material phenomena, gross and subtle, with which the Jiva concerns himself
* the परमात्मन् || Paramatman which is all-pervading, unthinkable, indescribable, is without action and has no संस्कार || Samskaras
* the परमात्मन् || Paramatman which is all-pervading, unthinkable, indescribable, is without action and has no संस्कार || Samskaras
== Purusha - As in साङ्ख्य || Samkhya ==
== Purusha - As in साङ्ख्य || Saamkhya ==
Samkhya school
Samkhya school
of Hinduism states that there are two ultimate realities whose interaction
of Hinduism states that there are two ultimate realities whose interaction
accounts for all experiences and universe - प्रकृति || '''Prakriti (matter) and पुरुष || Purusha'''
accounts for all experiences and universe - प्रकृति || Prakriti (matter) and पुरुष || Purusha
(spirit)'''. Sankhya analyzes the cosmos into '''a dualistic, and atheistic
(spirit). Sankhya analyzes the cosmos into a dualistic, and atheistic
scheme'''.
scheme.
In other words,
In other words,
# It is also found in Sama Veda & Atharva Veda with some variations.
# It is also found in Sama Veda & Atharva Veda with some variations.
It gives a
It gives a
description of the spiritual unity of the universe. It presents '''the nature
description of the spiritual unity of the universe. It presents the nature
of Purusha''' or the cosmic being as both immanent in the manifested world and
of Purusha or the cosmic being as both immanent in the manifested world and
yet transcendent to it.
yet transcendent to it.
तस्माद्विराळजायत विराजो अधि पूरुषःस जातो अत्यरिच्यत पश्चाद्भूमिमथो पुरः || tasmadviraljaayat virajo adhi purushas jato atyarichyat paschadvbhamimatho purah
तस्माद्विराळजायत विराजो अधि पूरुषःस जातो अत्यरिच्यत पश्चाद्भूमिमथो पुरः || tasmadviraljaayat virajo adhi purushas jato atyarichyat paschadvbhamimatho purah
== References ==
== References ==
# Rig veda
# Rig veda