Changes

Manana (Samskrit: मननम्) is the deep state of thinking without joy or grief.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Upanishads|author=Srisa Chandra Vasu|publisher=Genesis Publishing|page=30|url= https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QvEfRSnayf0C&pg=RA1-PA30&dq=manana+upanishad&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ICOaVLvgNZGVuATeiIGQCg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=manana%20upanishad&f=false }}</ref>Yajnavalkya in the context of the ''mahavakya'' – ''Tat Tvam Asi'', told Paingala that whereas ''[[Shravana (hearing)|shravana]]'' ('hearing') is the inquiry into the real significance of this ''vākya'', to inquire in solitude into the significance of ''shravana'' is ''manana'' (consideration or reflection).<ref>{{cite book|title=Thirty-Minor –Upanishads|publisher=Islamkotob|page=49|url= https://books.google.co.in/booksid=CvXZ0j1UyAAC&pg=PA49&dq=manana+upanishad&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ICOaVLvgNZGVuATeiIGQCg&ved=0CDQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=manana%20upanishad&f=false}}</ref> [[Patanjali]] terms ''manana'' as ''dharana'', <ref>{{cite book|title=The Call of the Upanishads|author=Rohit Mehta|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=262|url= https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_aGXsz4C2z8C&pg=PA262&dq=manana+upanishad&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OSiaVKm2IYzmuQTSjYGQBw&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=manana%20upanishad&f=false}} </ref> the unshakeable mental conviction.<ref>{{cite book|title=Thought and Faith|author=Vassilis Vitsaxis|publisher=Somerset Hall Press|page=195|url= https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sC0--0ZUfBkC&pg=PA195&dq=manana+upanishad&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8y-aVKiaK9HIuAS6iYD4DA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwBTge#v=onepage&q=manana%20upanishad&f=false}}</ref>In Advaita Vedanta, ''manana'', the deep reflection on what is heard from the teacher, is a part of the three-fold process of ''shravana-manana-nididhyasana'', the three stages of religious life which combined acting as the path of knowledge, lead to the attainment of ''moksha''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indra’s Net: Defending Hinduism|author=Rajiv Malhotra|publisher=Harper Collins|page=182|url= https://books.google.co.in/books?id=M7TlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT182&dq=manana+upanishad&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mCmaVPnuKoGzuAS2y4DACA&ved=0CDIQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=manana%20upanishad&f=false }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom|author=Shantha S. Nair|publisher=Pustak Mahal|page=333|url= https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OzFvE0IR7rkC&pg=PT333&dq=manana+upanishad&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tyuaVOSwFMSeugSP-IDQCQ&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q=manana%20upanishad&f=false }}</ref> According to the Pasupatas ''manana'' is a ''satmaka'' or mastery over the power of seeing and acting; ''manana'' is the supernormal knowing of objects of thoughts.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|author=S.N.Sen|publisher=New Age International|page=96|url= https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA96&dq=manana+upanishad&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tyuaVOSwFMSeugSP-IDQCQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q=manana%20upanishad&f=false }}</ref>

'''Manana''' ([[Sanskrit]]: मनन) is the deep state of thinking without joy or grief.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Upanishads|author=Srisa Chandra Vasu|publisher=Genesis Publishing|page=30|url= https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QvEfRSnayf0C&pg=RA1-PA30&dq=manana+upanishad&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ICOaVLvgNZGVuATeiIGQCg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=manana%20upanishad&f=false }}</ref>[[Yajnavalkya]] in the context of the ''[[mahāvākyas|mahavakya]]'' – ''[[Tat Tvam Asi]]'', told Paingala that whereas ''[[Shravana (hearing)|shravana]]'' ('hearing') is the inquiry into the real significance of this ''[[Shabda|vākya]]'', to inquire in solitude into the significance of ''shravana'' is ''manana'' (consideration or reflection).<ref>{{cite book|title=Thirty-Minor –Upanishads|publisher=Islamkotob|page=49|url= https://books.google.co.in/booksid=CvXZ0j1UyAAC&pg=PA49&dq=manana+upanishad&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ICOaVLvgNZGVuATeiIGQCg&ved=0CDQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=manana%20upanishad&f=false}}</ref> [[Patanjali]] terms ''manana'' as ''[[Dhāraṇā|dharana]]'', <ref>{{cite book|title=The Call of the Upanishads|author=Rohit Mehta|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=262|url= https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_aGXsz4C2z8C&pg=PA262&dq=manana+upanishad&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OSiaVKm2IYzmuQTSjYGQBw&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=manana%20upanishad&f=false}} </ref> the unshakeable mental conviction.<ref>{{cite book|title=Thought and Faith|author=Vassilis Vitsaxis|publisher=Somerset Hall Press|page=195|url= https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sC0--0ZUfBkC&pg=PA195&dq=manana+upanishad&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8y-aVKiaK9HIuAS6iYD4DA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwBTge#v=onepage&q=manana%20upanishad&f=false}}</ref>

 

''Manana'' means – 'thinking', 'reflection', 'meditation', 'cogitation';<ref>{{cite book|title=The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary|author=V.S.Apte|page=1233|url= http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=apte&query=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8&matchtype=exact&display=utf8 }}</ref> Panchadasi (Sloka I.53) reads as follows:-

 

''Manana'' means – 'thinking', 'reflection', 'meditation', 'cogitation';<ref>{{cite book|title=The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary|author=V.S.Apte|page=1233|url= http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=apte&query=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8&matchtype=exact&display=utf8 }}</ref> [[Panchadasi]] (Sloka I.53) reads as follows:-

:इत्थं वाक्यैस्तदर्थानुसन्धानं श्रवणं भवेत् |

:इत्थं वाक्यैस्तदर्थानुसन्धानं श्रवणं भवेत् |

:"The finding out or discovery of the true significance of the identity of the individual self and the supreme Universal Self with the great sayings is what is known as shravana; and to arrive at the possibility of its validity through logical reasoning is what is called manana."

:"The finding out or discovery of the true significance of the identity of the individual self and the supreme Universal Self with the great sayings is what is known as shravana; and to arrive at the possibility of its validity through logical reasoning is what is called manana."

In this context, [[Vidyaranya]] had previously stated that the Self is untouched by doubts about the presence or absence of associates etc; that are superimposed on it phenomenally. In the afore-cited sloka, [[Swami Swahananda]] in his commentary explains that whatever be the relation between two ''vikalpas'' ('alternatives'), relation itself has to be understood which even though not an attribute is to be related, for the domain of ''bheda'' ('difference') is riddled with contradictions. [[Vedanta]] considers [[vikalpa]] as ''kalpana'' or 'contrary imagination' that invariably leads to [[anavastha]] ('infinite regress'). The identity alluded to by the great sayings (''[[mahavakyas]]'') conveyed by a [[Guru]] to his disciples i.e. sown in the mind of his [[sisya]], have logical support for their validity which support is revealed through manana which process reveals true knowledge.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pancadasi of Sri Vidyaranya Swami|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|pages=25-27|url= http://www.chennaimath.org/istore/product/pancadasi-of-sri-vidyaranya-swami/ }}</ref>

In this context, [[Vidyaranya]] had previously stated that the Self is untouched by doubts about the presence or absence of associates etc; that are superimposed on it phenomenally. In the afore-cited sloka, Swami Swahananda in his commentary explains that whatever be the relation between two ''vikalpas'' ('alternatives'), relation itself has to be understood which even though not an attribute is to be related, for the domain of ''bheda'' ('difference') is riddled with contradictions. [[Vedanta]] considers vikalpa as ''kalpana'' or 'contrary imagination' that invariably leads to anavastha ('infinite regress'). The identity alluded to by the great sayings (''[[Mahavakyas (महावाक्यानि)|mahavakyas]]'') conveyed by a Guru to his disciples i.e. sown in the mind of his sisya, have logical support for their validity which support is revealed through manana which process reveals true knowledge.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pancadasi of Sri Vidyaranya Swami|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|pages=25-27|url= http://www.chennaimath.org/istore/product/pancadasi-of-sri-vidyaranya-swami/ }}</ref>

It is through deep meditation that the knowledge of Brahman is gained, and [[Katha Upanishad]] (I.iii.15) declares that one becomes free from the jaws of death by knowing that which is ever constant; [[Badarayana]] states that what is mentioned in that Upanishad is meant for deep meditation on [[Purusha]] - आध्यानाय प्रयोजनाभावात् ([[Brahma Sutras]] III.iii.14), during which process the differing attributes are not to be combined but only non-different attributes which exist collectively in all the contexts.<ref>{{cite book|title=Brahma Sutra Bhasya of Sankaracarya|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|pages=662-664|url= http://advaitaashrama.org/Book/Detail/8121 }}</ref>

It is through deep meditation that the knowledge of Brahman is gained, and Katha Upanishad (I.iii.15) declares that one becomes free from the jaws of death by knowing that which is ever constant; Badarayana states that what is mentioned in that Upanishad is meant for deep meditation on [[Purusha]] - आध्यानाय प्रयोजनाभावात् ([[Brahma Sutras]] III.iii.14), during which process the differing attributes are not to be combined but only non-different attributes which exist collectively in all the contexts.<ref>{{cite book|title=Brahma Sutra Bhasya of Sankaracarya|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|pages=662-664|url= http://advaitaashrama.org/Book/Detail/8121 }}</ref>

==References==

==References==