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== ग्रामप्रकाराः ॥ Types of Villages  ==

== ग्रामप्रकाराः ॥ Types of Villages  ==

Mansara classified villages into eight types according to their shape, method of street planning, temple planning etc.<blockquote>वक्ष्येऽहं ग्रामविन्यासं शास्त्रे संक्षेपतः क्रमात् । दण्डकं सर्वतोभद्रं नन्द्यावर्तं तु पद्मकम् ॥</blockquote><blockquote>स्वस्तिकं प्रस्तरं चैव कार्मुकं च चतुर्मुखम् । एवं चाष्टविधं ग्रामं तत्तद्रूपेण संज्ञितम् ॥ Mana. 9.1-2<ref>Prasanna Kumar Acharya, [https://archive.org/details/ManasaraOnArchitectureAndSculpture/page/n3 Manasara] on Architecture and Sculpture, Oxford University Press.</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''vakṣye'haṁ grāmavinyāsaṁ śāstre saṁkṣepataḥ kramāt । daṇḍakaṁ sarvatobhadraṁ nandyāvartaṁ tu padmakam ॥''</blockquote><blockquote>''svastikaṁ prastaraṁ caiva kārmukaṁ ca caturmukham । evaṁ cāṣṭavidhaṁ grāmaṁ tattadrūpeṇa saṁjñitam ॥ Mana. 9.1-2''</blockquote>[[File:Dandaka mandala.png|alt=|thumb|378x378px|1. Dandaka type of village structure<ref>[http://dharmatoday.com/2017/05/24/climate-change-ancient-indian-town-planning/ dharmatoday.com]</ref>|left]]

Mansara classified villages into eight types according to their shape, method of street planning, temple planning etc.<blockquote>वक्ष्येऽहं ग्रामविन्यासं शास्त्रे संक्षेपतः क्रमात् । दण्डकं सर्वतोभद्रं नन्द्यावर्तं तु पद्मकम् ॥</blockquote><blockquote>स्वस्तिकं प्रस्तरं चैव कार्मुकं च चतुर्मुखम् । एवं चाष्टविधं ग्रामं तत्तद्रूपेण संज्ञितम् ॥ Mana. 9.1-2<ref>Prasanna Kumar Acharya, [https://archive.org/details/ManasaraOnArchitectureAndSculpture/page/n3 Manasara] on Architecture and Sculpture, Oxford University Press.</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''vakṣye'haṁ grāmavinyāsaṁ śāstre saṁkṣepataḥ kramāt । daṇḍakaṁ sarvatobhadraṁ nandyāvartaṁ tu padmakam ॥''</blockquote><blockquote>''svastikaṁ prastaraṁ caiva kārmukaṁ ca caturmukham । evaṁ cāṣṭavidhaṁ grāmaṁ tattadrūpeṇa saṁjñitam ॥ Mana. 9.1-2''</blockquote>

=== दण्डकः | Dandaka : ===

=== पद्मकः । Padmaka  ===

This village form follows a ribbon development along principle street. It consisted of five long parallel street running East- West with three shorter ones intersecting them at the middle and two ends. There were two bathing tanks in the Northeast and Southwest corners and temples out of which principle one was placed at the west end of Raja’s street called rajapath. Minor deities and their temples were on the outskirts of village. The fortified wall had four gateways facing the two main streets. In the given plan each of inside plates had two rows of houses.

The shape of Padmaka may vary but length and breadth needs to be equal. The plan had two main roads in the East-west and North-south direction. It had a temple at the centre and palace, shops, market and tank spreading around the periphery of the plan. Mansara states that the length and breadth of this village shall be the same and could be enclosed by circular, quadrangular, hexagonal or octagonal walls. (Fig.3)

[[File:Padmaka mandala.png|thumb|271x271px|3. Padmaka type of village structure<ref>[http://dharmatoday.com/2017/05/24/climate-change-ancient-indian-town-planning/ dharmatoday.com]</ref>]]

=== स्वस्तिकः । Svastika : ===

=== चतुर्मुखः । Chaturmukha  ===

The plan resembles the pattern of a svastika. Two main streets run East-West and North-South in the middle. The branch streets shall follow pattern of svastika. The wall was fortified with provisions of missiles. The magic of svastika lay in the fact that it was a formation used to defend the four gateways.  

[[File:Prastara mandala.png|left|thumb|384x384px|5. Prastara type of village formation<ref>[http://dharmatoday.com/2017/05/24/climate-change-ancient-indian-town-planning/ dharmatoday.com]</ref>]]

The village was square or rectangular in shape with two main streets in the East-West and North-South directions. As the name suggests it had four main gateways at the end of streets. The Shudras resided in extreme borders; the temple being at the centre of the plan. (Fig.4)

[[File:Karmuka mandala.png|thumb|406x406px|6. Karmuka type of village formation<ref>[http://dharmatoday.com/2017/05/24/climate-change-ancient-indian-town-planning/ dharmatoday.com]</ref>]]

=== पद्मकः । Padmaka : ===

=== प्रस्तरः । Prastara  ===

The shape of Padmaka may vary but length and breadth needs to be equal. The plan had two main roads in the East-west and North-south direction. It had a temple at the centre and palace, shops, market and tank spreading around the periphery of the plan. Mansara states that the length and breadth of this village shall be the same and could be enclosed by circular, quadrangular, hexagonal or octagonal walls.  

These were more developed Vedic settlements. The main streets were in North-South and East-West direction which divided the city into four main parts each part having narrower streets than the main one. The city was enclosed in walls and there were four gateways at cardinal points. For example, the city of Jaipur. (Fig.5)

=== चतुर्मुखः । Chaturmukha : ===

=== कर्मुकः । Karmuka  ===

The village was square or rectangular in shape with two main streets in the East-West and North-South directions. As the name suggests it had four main gateways at the end of streets. The Shudras resided in extreme borders; the temple being at the centre of the plan.

The shape of the city resembled a bow. The city had wall enclosure in the form of a bow having two main gates on the North and South sides. It had one main road lying in the North-South direction. Outside the city wall was a moat (deep and wide water filled ditch) for defence. (Fig.6)

=== प्रस्तरः । Prastara : ===

=== नन्द्यावर्तः । Nandyavarta  ===

These were more developed Vedic settlements. The main streets were in North-South and East-West direction which divided the city into four main parts each part having narrower streets than the main one. The city was enclosed in walls and there were four gateways at cardinal points. For example, the city of Jaipur.

This plan was in the pattern of flower petals. This was known as the abode of happiness. This plan was intended to accommodate a population of mixed social grades. Nandyavarta type of village contained a great number of shrines dedicated to various deities for location of which Mansara has given directions. There were bazars placed on outer blocks near gates. (Fig 7.1 and 7.2)

=== सर्वतोभद्रः । Sarvatobhadra ===

 

 

=== सर्वतोभद्रः । Sarvatobhadra : ===

At the centre of village was a temple of Shiva, Vishnu or Brahma. The village had two streets crossing each other at the middle. Rest houses for pilgrims and educational buildings were at the outer rings of village. Vaishyas and Shudras resided at the Southern part. The temple of Chamunda Devi was erected at North-East side. The village was protected by a wall and ditch. The principle streets were purified by rays of Sun from morning to evening.

At the centre of village was a temple of Shiva, Vishnu or Brahma. The village had two streets crossing each other at the middle. Rest houses for pilgrims and educational buildings were at the outer rings of village. Vaishyas and Shudras resided at the Southern part. The temple of Chamunda Devi was erected at North-East side. The village was protected by a wall and ditch. The principle streets were purified by rays of Sun from morning to evening.