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It is generally admitted by all the schools of philosophy that prama is the true knowledge and pramaana is the source of such knowledge. However, difference of opinions exist as to the the nature of the truth which each of them claims for its pramaana. The sutras and commentaries which explain the various Pramanas accepted by each of the astika Shad Darshanas are henceforth addressed in this context.

Pramanas in Astika Darshanas (Samskrit : ) refers to the number and kind of pramana accepted particularly by the Astika Darshanas which are six in number, viz., Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaiseshika, Purva and Uttara Mimamsa texts.

===Samkhya (3 Pramanas)===

 

==Samkhya (3 Pramanas)==

<blockquote>यत् संबद्धं सत् तदाकारोल्लेखि विज्ञानं तत् प्रत्यक्षं । सांख्यसूत्र-१.८९ । (प्रत्यक्षलक्षणं)</blockquote>Perception (pratyakska) is that discernment which, being in3 conjunction (with the thing perceived), portrays the form thereof.<blockquote>प्रतिबन्धदृशः प्रतिबद्धज्ञानमनुमानं । सांख्यसूत्र-१.१०० । (अनुमान लक्षणं)</blockquote>The knowledge of the connected (e.g., fire), through perception of the connexion (e.g., of fire with smoke), is inference.<blockquote>आप्तोपदेशः शब्दः । सांख्यसूत्र-१.१०१ । (शब्द लक्षणं)</blockquote>Testimony (such as is entitled to the name of evidence, is a declaration by one worthy (to be believed). '''HInduwebsite translations'''  

<blockquote>यत् संबद्धं सत् तदाकारोल्लेखि विज्ञानं तत् प्रत्यक्षं । सांख्यसूत्र-१.८९ । (प्रत्यक्षलक्षणं)</blockquote>Perception (pratyakska) is that discernment which, being in3 conjunction (with the thing perceived), portrays the form thereof.<blockquote>प्रतिबन्धदृशः प्रतिबद्धज्ञानमनुमानं । सांख्यसूत्र-१.१०० । (अनुमान लक्षणं)</blockquote>The knowledge of the connected (e.g., fire), through perception of the connexion (e.g., of fire with smoke), is inference.<blockquote>आप्तोपदेशः शब्दः । सांख्यसूत्र-१.१०१ । (शब्द लक्षणं)</blockquote>Testimony (such as is entitled to the name of evidence, is a declaration by one worthy (to be believed). '''HInduwebsite translations'''  

*अनुमानप्रमाणाः  || anumana-pramana (inference)

*अनुमानप्रमाणाः  || anumana-pramana (inference)

*आप्तवचनम्  || aptavacana (word/testimony of reliable sources) Vachana being शब्दप्रमाणाः । sabda-pramana.  

*आप्तवचनम्  || aptavacana (word/testimony of reliable sources) Vachana being शब्दप्रमाणाः । sabda-pramana.  

===Yoga (3 Pramanas)===

==Yoga (3 Pramanas)==

Yoga Darshana accepts 3 Pramanas as given by Patanjali with the explanation given by Vyasa.<ref name=":0">Yoga Darshana with Vyasa Bhasya ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_-_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7 Pada 1])</ref><blockquote>'''प्रत्यक्षानुमानागमाः प्रमाणानि ॥७॥'''</blockquote>Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference) and Agama (Verbal testimony) are Pramanas.

Yoga Darshana accepts 3 Pramanas as given by Patanjali with the explanation given by Vyasa.<ref name=":0">Yoga Darshana with Vyasa Bhasya ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_-_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7 Pada 1])</ref><blockquote>'''प्रत्यक्षानुमानागमाः प्रमाणानि ॥७॥'''</blockquote>Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference) and Agama (Verbal testimony) are Pramanas.

====Vyasa Bhasya====

====Vyasa Bhasya====

Yoga holds that pramana is the function of chitta. Samkhya considers knowledge as belonging to buddhi only, which though essentially is insentient, acts like a sentient entity when the sentience of Purusha is reflected upon it. Both these systems offer an original definition of pramana as the function of the buddhi or chitta.

Yoga holds that pramana is the function of chitta. Samkhya considers knowledge as belonging to buddhi only, which though essentially is insentient, acts like a sentient entity when the sentience of Purusha is reflected upon it. Both these systems offer an original definition of pramana as the function of the buddhi or chitta.

===Nyaya (4 Pramanas)===

==Nyaya (4 Pramanas)==

According to Nyaya darshana, pramana is the unique operative cause (kaarana) of pramaa or right knowledge.  It is the complex of specific conditions or causes (karana), other than the subject and the object, which invariably produces valid knowledge.<blockquote>प्रत्यक्षानुमानोपमानशब्दाः प्रमाणानि ।। ३ ।। {प्रमाणौद्देशसूत्रम्}</blockquote>Pramana constitutes

According to Nyaya darshana, pramana is the unique operative cause (kaarana) of pramaa or right knowledge.  It is the complex of specific conditions or causes (karana), other than the subject and the object, which invariably produces valid knowledge.<blockquote>प्रत्यक्षानुमानोपमानशब्दाः प्रमाणानि ।। ३ ।। {प्रमाणौद्देशसूत्रम्}</blockquote>Pramana constitutes

===Vaiseshika===

==Vaiseshika==

Kanda who occupies the first place  in traceable history of epistemological tradition states that the general definition of pramana should be based on the principle that the cause of cognition should be free from defects  

Kanda who occupies the first place  in traceable history of epistemological tradition states that the general definition of pramana should be based on the principle that the cause of cognition should be free from defects  

अस्येदं कार्य कारणसम्बन्धश्चावयवाद्भवति । वैशेषिक-९,२.२ ।

अस्येदं कार्य कारणसम्बन्धश्चावयवाद्भवति । वैशेषिक-९,२.२ ।

एतेन शाब्दं व्याख्यातम् । वैशेषिक-९,२.३ ।

एतेन शाब्दं व्याख्यातम् । वैशेषिक-९,२.३ ।