Changes

While Kanada's Atoms combine = basic unit /molecule with two, three or n number of units<ref name=":5" />

While Kanada's Atoms combine = basic unit /molecule with two, three or n number of units<ref name=":5" />

Basic unit of n atoms = 1 atom+ 1 atom…n atoms where �n≥1

Basic unit of n atoms = 1 atom+ 1 atom…n atoms where n≥1

Nyaya-Vaiseshika views atoms, though eternal in themselves, are non-eternal (anitya) as aggregates which may be organic or inorganic.<ref name=":4" />

Nyaya-Vaiseshika views atoms, though eternal in themselves, are non-eternal (anitya) as aggregates which may be organic or inorganic.<ref name=":4" />

- recombination of paramanus with a new basic unit arrangement and order resulting in a new substance.

- recombination of paramanus with a new basic unit arrangement and order resulting in a new substance.

The Vaisheshikas hold that under the influence of heat, substances are broken down to the most basic entity (paramanu) before being transformed in to a new substance whereas the Nyaya school does not believe in decomposition in to the very basic entity.<ref name=":32">Gupta, B. (2012). ''An introduction to Indian philosophy: Perspectives on Reality, Knowledge, and Freedom''. Routledge.</ref>

The Vaisheshikas hold that under the influence of heat, substances are broken down to the most basic entity (paramanu) before being transformed in to a new substance whereas the Nyaya school does not believe in decomposition in to the very basic entity.<ref name=":32">Gupta, B. (2012). ''An introduction to Indian philosophy: Perspectives on Reality, Knowledge, and Freedom''. Routledge.</ref>

• The Fire constitutes of the plasma as the fourth state of matter.

• The Fire constitutes of the plasma as the fourth state of matter.

The western scholars, though, failed to recognize and include nuclear state as part of a state of

The western scholars, though, failed to recognize and include nuclear state as part of a state of matter.

 

matter.

• Akasa is a nuclear state in which few nuclear parts are stable.

• Akasa is a nuclear state in which few nuclear parts are stable.

3. Evolution of the Five Elements (Mahabhutas)

3. Evolution of the Five Elements (Mahabhutas)

Gross matter is generated from these subtle essences in a specific sequence:

Gross matter is generated from these subtle essences in a specific sequence:

*  Akasa (Space/Ether): Emerges from the Shabda (sound) tanmatra.

*  Akasa (Space/Ether): Emerges from the Shabda (sound) tanmatra. शब्दतन्मात्रादाकाशः (śabdatanmātrādākāśaḥ)

*  Vayu (Air): Emerges from the Shabda and Sparsha (touch) tanmatras.

*  Vayu (Air): Emerges from the Shabda and Sparsha (touch) tanmatras.

*  Tejas (Fire): Emerges from the Shabda, Sparsha, and *Rupa* (color) tanmatras.

*  Tejas (Fire): Emerges from the Shabda, Sparsha, and *Rupa* (color) tanmatras.

Comparison with Modern Science

Comparison with Modern Science

Interestingly, some scholars have noted that the Samkhya doctrine of matter bears striking similarities to modern physical concepts. The view of the Gunas as fundamental principles of mass, energy, and intelligence, and the concept of Tanmatras as underlying subtle vibratory potentials, aligns with modern wave mechanics and energy-matter relationships. Unlike Greek atomism, which emphasizes quantitative differences in atoms, Samkhya emphasizes the qualitative evolution of matter from a single primordial source.

Interestingly, some scholars have noted that the Samkhya doctrine of matter bears striking similarities to modern physical concepts. The view of the Gunas as fundamental principles of mass, energy, and intelligence, and the concept of Tanmatras as underlying subtle vibratory potentials, aligns with modern wave mechanics and energy-matter relationships. Unlike Greek atomism, which emphasizes quantitative differences in atoms, Samkhya emphasizes the qualitative evolution of matter from a single primordial source.

== References ==

== References ==

[[Category:Chemistry]]

[[Category:Chemistry]]