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In addition to this, anusvāra and visarga also cause a short vowel to become guru, for e.g., ‘स’ in संयम and ‘दु’ in दुःख are guru.
In addition to this, anusvāra and visarga also cause a short vowel to become guru, for e.g., ‘स’ in संयम and ‘दु’ in दुःख are guru.
While writing, laghu is denoted by the sign ‘‿’ and guru is denoted by sign ‘|’. These two concepts form the foundation of this science of Sanskrit prosody. Based on the understanding of these, let us get to know the types of meters used in poetry.
While writing, laghu is denoted by the sign ‘‿’ and guru is denoted by sign ‘|’. These two concepts form the foundation of this science of Sanskrit prosody. Based on the understanding of these, let us get to know the types of meters used in poetry.
===अक्षरगणवृत्तम् || The meters based on specific groups of syllables===
===अक्षरगणवृत्तम् || The meters based on specific groups of syllables===
'''त्वमेव विद्या द्रविणं त्वमेव त्वमेव सर्वं मम देवदेव ||'''<nowiki/>'
'''त्वमेव विद्या द्रविणं त्वमेव त्वमेव सर्वं मम देवदेव ||'''<nowiki/>'
3) A popular meter in Sanskrit poetry in Śārdūlavikrīḍita. Its definition is - सूर्याश्वं यदि मः सजौ सततगाः शार्दूलविक्रीडितम् |
3) A popular meter in Sanskrit poetry in Śārdūlavikrīḍita. Its definition is - '''सूर्याश्वं यदि मः सजौ सततगाः शार्दूलविक्रीडितम् |'''
The order of the gaṇa-s is Ma, Sa, Ja, Sa, Ta, Ta followed by a guru. This is a long meter consisting of 19 syllables. An example of the same is a verse speaking about the importance of Bhagavad Geeta -
The order of the gaṇa-s is Ma, Sa, Ja, Sa, Ta, Ta followed by a guru. This is a long meter consisting of 19 syllables. An example of the same is a verse speaking about the importance of Bhagavad Geeta -
'''अम्ब त्वामनुसन्दधामि भगवद्गीते भवद्वेषिणीम् ||'''
'''अम्ब त्वामनुसन्दधामि भगवद्गीते भवद्वेषिणीम् ||'''
4) Another meter which is popularly used in devotional verses, which is also useful for singing, is Bhujanga-prayāta meter. Its definition is ''''भुजङ्गप्रयातं चतुर्भिर्यकारैः|'''<nowiki/>' Four Ya gaṇa-s form this meter containing 12 syllables. An example for the same is from Śankarācārya's Veda-sāra Śiva-stava -
'''पशूनां पतिं पापनाशं परेशं'''
'''गजेन्द्रस्य कृत्तिं वसानं वरेण्यम् ।'''
'''जटाजूटमध्ये स्फुरद्गाङ्गवारिं'''
'''महादेवमेकं स्मरामि स्मरारिम् ॥'''
=== मात्रावृत्तम् || The meters based on mātra-s ===
=== मात्रावृत्तम् || The meters based on mātra-s ===
Where the underlined syllables form the first and third pāda. We can count and check the number of mātrā-s used in the verse.
Where the underlined syllables form the first and third pāda. We can count and check the number of mātrā-s used in the verse.
Then we have variants of Āryā vṛtta forming a family of Āryā, which have Udgīti, Āryāgīti
Then we have variants of Āryā vṛtta forming a family of Āryā, which have Gīti, Udgīti, Upagīti, and Āryāgīti. Let us briefly see the number of mātrā-s in each pāda of all these variants as well-
There are many more Mātrā-vṛtta-s in Sanskrit, and more in other regional languages like Marathi, Kannada, Telugu and Hindi.
Āryā - 12, 18, 12, 15
Gīti - 12, 18, 12, 18
Upagīti - 12, 15, 12, 15
Udgīti - 12, 15, 12, 18
Āryāgīti - 12, 20, 12, 20
There are many more Mātrā-vṛtta-s in Sanskrit, and even more in other regional languages like Marathi, Kannada, Telugu and Hindi.
=== यतिनियमाः || Rules for Yati (pause) ===
=== यतिनियमाः || Rules for Yati (pause) ===
While talking, conversing or singing, a human being, naturally has to pause for breath, for several times. We cannot recite long strings of verses without pausing for breath. Therefore, the Chandas-Śāstra has decided certain specific places in the verses, where a reader is supposed to halt for a second and then proceed ahead. These places are called as 'Yati'. Chandas-Śāstra is very strict about the rules of Yati, and the poet as well as reader has to follow the specifications of Yati, very sincerely. Let us see, for example, the meter seen before, Śārdūtavikrīḍita. '''सूर्याश्वं यदि मः सजौ सततगाः शार्दूलविक्रीडितम् |''' - this is the defintion of the meter. Let us focus on the first part ''''सूर्याश्वं'''<nowiki/>'. This is a reference to the places of Yati in this meter. Sūrya or sun refers to number 12, and aśva or horse refers to number 7. Thus, this meter with 19 syllables will have its first Yati after the 12th syllable, and the next Yati after 7 syllables counting from the 12th syllable, i.e., after the 19th syllable. It is a rule that there has to be a pause after each and every pāda. Thus, Śārdūtavikrīḍita has one Yati within its pāda, and the second one is at the end of the pāda. Smaller meters like Indravajrā and Upendravajrā do not have any Yati.
Why is this Yati or pause so important? This is because, there are certain rules regarding Yati to be followed by poets while composing poetry. There should not be a cut in the middle of a compound in the place of Yati. Some sandhi-s are also prohibited in Yati-sthāna-s so as to make the pause sound natural. The Yati-s are designed in such a way that they allude to the tune of the meter and give a natural place for halting.
== References ==
== References ==