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Krodha (Sanskrit: क्रोधः) meaning anger, is one of the arishadvargas or the six enemies of a human being, according to [[Sanatana Dharma (सनातनधर्मः)|Sanatana Dharma]] texts. Anger reflects the person's state of mind and portrays emotions, behavioral pattern, and the aggressive nature of a person. Modern psychology addresses anger management as an important therapeutic aid to correct anger issues by incorporating ancient practices into daily life. Individuals can achieve greater emotional well-being, maintain healthier relationships, and enhance their spiritual growth when anger is overcome.
Krodha (Sanskrit: क्रोधः) literally meaning anger, is one of the arishadvargas or the six enemies of a human being, according to [[Sanatana Dharma (सनातनधर्मः)|Sanatana Dharma]] texts. Anger reflects the person's state of mind and portrays emotions, behavioral pattern, and the aggressive nature of a person. Modern psychology addresses anger management as an important therapeutic aid to correct anger issues by incorporating ancient practices into daily life. Individuals can achieve greater emotional well-being, maintain healthier relationships, and enhance their spiritual growth when anger is overcome.
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
Surya says,
Surya says,
असंशयमिदं पुत्र भविष्यत्यत्र कारणम् । येन त्वामाविशत्क्रोधो धर्मज्ञं सत्यवादिनम् ।।२७ asaṃśayamidaṃ putra bhaviṣyatyatra kāraṇam | yena tvāmāviśatkrodho dharmajñaṃ satyavādinam ||27 (Mark. Pura. 103.27)<ref>Markandeya Purana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AB Adhyayas 101-103])</ref></blockquote>Tama (Yama), by reason of both anger and childishness and indeed by the force of predestination, threatened Sanjnā by lifting his foot (ready to kick her), thereupon she full of resentment, cursed Tama severely. Sanjnā, was the second wife of Surya, who curses Yama (the son of Chaya) that his foot drops (gets paralyzed) at his disrespect toward her. The act where Sanjna cursed Yama for unfilial conduct, highlights tensions between familial relationships due to actions arising out of anger. A (true) mother never gets angry even if children act against her wish.
असंशयमिदं पुत्र भविष्यत्यत्र कारणम् । येन त्वामाविशत्क्रोधो धर्मज्ञं सत्यवादिनम् ।।२७ asaṃśayamidaṃ putra bhaviṣyatyatra kāraṇam | yena tvāmāviśatkrodho dharmajñaṃ satyavādinam ||27 (Mark. Pura. 103.27)<ref>Markandeya Purana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AB Adhyayas 101-103])</ref></blockquote>Tama (Yama, the son of Chaya), by reason of both anger and childishness and indeed by the force of predestination, threatened Sanjnā, the second wife of Surya, by lifting his foot (ready to kick her), thereupon she full of resentment, cursed Tama that his foot drops (gets paralyzed) at his disrespect toward her. The act where Sanjna cursed Yama for unfilial conduct, highlights tensions between familial relationships due to actions arising out of anger. A (true) mother never gets angry even if children act against her wish.
Devi Mahatmya adhyayas of Markandeya Purana (Adhyaya 82) connects intense anger to the powerful emotions of Vishnu and Shiva, leading to the creation of the deity Chandika to destroy [[Asuras (असुराः)|Asuras]].
Devi Mahatmya adhyayas of Markandeya Purana (Adhyaya 82) connects intense anger to the powerful emotions of Vishnu and Shiva, leading to the creation of the deity Chandika to destroy [[Asuras (असुराः)|Asuras]]. Passion and anger are identified as influential emotions that tie individuals to worldly objects and the cycle of re-births, leading to suffering.
=== Bhagavad Gita ===
=== Bhagavad Gita ===
According to Manusmriti, Manu declares that anger is one of the causes of perjury in the court of law, and that a person resorting to perjury is punishable. <blockquote>लोभान्मोहाद् भयात्मैत्रात् कामात् क्रोधात् तथैव च । अज्ञानाद् बालभावात्च साक्ष्यं वितथमुच्यते ॥ ११८ ॥ ''lobhānmohād bhayātmaitrāt kāmāt krodhāt tathaiva ca'' | ''ajñānād bālabhāvātca sākṣyaṃ vitathamucyate'' || 118 || (Manu. Smrt. 8.118)</blockquote>Evidence is called 'false' when it is due to greed, or embarrassment, fear, friendship, lust, anger, ignorance, childishness.<ref>Jha, Ganganath (1920) ''[https://dn790003.ca.archive.org/0/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.46012/2015.46012.Manusmrti--Vol-6_text.pdf Manusmriti with the commentary of Medatithi, Vol 6]'' Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. (p148-149)</ref>
According to Manusmriti, Manu declares that anger is one of the causes of perjury in the court of law, and that a person resorting to perjury is punishable. <blockquote>लोभान्मोहाद् भयात्मैत्रात् कामात् क्रोधात् तथैव च । अज्ञानाद् बालभावात्च साक्ष्यं वितथमुच्यते ॥ ११८ ॥ ''lobhānmohād bhayātmaitrāt kāmāt krodhāt tathaiva ca'' | ''ajñānād bālabhāvātca sākṣyaṃ vitathamucyate'' || 118 || (Manu. Smrt. 8.118)</blockquote>Evidence is called 'false' when it is due to greed, or embarrassment, fear, friendship, lust, anger, ignorance, childishness.<ref>Jha, Ganganath (1920) ''[https://dn790003.ca.archive.org/0/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.46012/2015.46012.Manusmrti--Vol-6_text.pdf Manusmriti with the commentary of Medatithi, Vol 6]'' Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. (p148-149)</ref>
=== Itihasas ===
Both Ramayana and Mahabharata are pivoted replete with examples of how damaging negative emotions, in particular anger, can be.
=== Ayurveda ===
=== Ayurveda ===
=== Natyashastra ===
=== Natyashastra ===
In the Naatyasaastra, a treatise on Indian performing arts, krodha is one of the eight "permanent states" or sthaayi bhaavas. These states are considered to be the source of delight in a performance and are not interfered with by other states. The term krodha refers to the emotion of anger, which can be expressed through different gestures, facial expressions and vocalizations in a theatrical performance. These expressions are meant to convey a sense of intense anger and agitation to the audience.
In the Naatyasaastra, a treatise on Indian performing arts, krodha is one of the eight "permanent states" or sthaayi bhaavas. These states are considered to be the source of delight in a performance and are not interfered with by other states. The term krodha refers to the emotion of anger, which can be expressed through different gestures, facial expressions and vocalizations in a theatrical performance. These expressions are meant to convey a sense of intense anger and agitation to the audience.
=== Ways to overcome anger ===
Just as how ancient texts abound with the profound message that anger leads to destruction, they show the way to
“Real manliness,” it is stated in the first chapter, the Aadi parva of Mahabharata, “lies in shedding anger much like the serpent casts off its worn skin against kshamaa”. There is a telling pun here, for “kshamaa” means forgiveness, as well as the Mother Earth. The serpent uses the friction generated in rubbing on the Earth to shed its skin; Forgiveness helps shed anger.
== Anger in Modern Psychology ==
== Anger in Modern Psychology ==