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daṇḍabhūbhāgaśulkānāmādhikyāt kośavardhanam । anāpadi na kurvīta tīrthadevakaragrahāt ।। 9 ।।
daṇḍabhūbhāgaśulkānāmādhikyāt kośavardhanam । anāpadi na kurvīta tīrthadevakaragrahāt ।। 9 ।।
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yadā śatruvināśārthaṁ balasaṁrakṣaṇodyataḥ । viśiṣṭadaṇḍaśulkādi dhanaṁ lokāttadā haret ।। 10 ।।</blockquote>To apply the principle to current times it can be said that the government can increase taxes to undertake public welfare projects.
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yadā śatruvināśārthaṁ balasaṁrakṣaṇodyataḥ । viśiṣṭadaṇḍaśulkādi dhanaṁ lokāttadā haret ।। 10 ।।</blockquote>To apply the principle to current times it can be said that the government can increase taxes to undertake public welfare projects. The Arthashastra also indicates that when the treasury is below danger level then in that case the ruler may request his subjects, living in small or large villages, which do not depend fully on rainwater, to give 1/3 or 1/4 of the yield and according to the ability from small villages.<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>
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The Arthashastra also indicates that when the treasury is below danger level then in that case the ruler may request his subjects, living in small or large villages, which do not depend fully on rainwater, to give 1/3 or 1/4 of the yield and according to the ability from small villages.<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>
जनपदं महान्तं अल्प-प्रमाणं वाअदेव-मातृकं प्रभूत-धान्यं धान्यस्यांशं तृतीयं चतुर्थं वा याचेत । यथा-सारं मध्यं अवरं वा ।। ०५.२.०२ ।।<ref name=":2">Arthashastra, Adhikarana 5, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%AB/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8 Adhyaya 2]</ref>
जनपदं महान्तं अल्प-प्रमाणं वाअदेव-मातृकं प्रभूत-धान्यं धान्यस्यांशं तृतीयं चतुर्थं वा याचेत । यथा-सारं मध्यं अवरं वा ।। ०५.२.०२ ।।<ref name=":2">Arthashastra, Adhikarana 5, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%AB/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8 Adhyaya 2]</ref>
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jana-padaṁ mahāntaṁ alpa-pramāṇaṁ vāadeva-mātr̥kaṁ prabhūta-dhānyaṁ dhānyasyāṁśaṁ tr̥tīyaṁ caturthaṁ vā yāceta । yathā-sāraṁ madhyaṁ avaraṁ vā ।। 05.2.02 ।।</blockquote>
jana-padaṁ mahāntaṁ alpa-pramāṇaṁ vāadeva-mātr̥kaṁ prabhūta-dhānyaṁ dhānyasyāṁśaṁ tr̥tīyaṁ caturthaṁ vā yāceta । yathā-sāraṁ madhyaṁ avaraṁ vā ।। 05.2.02 ।।</blockquote>
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=== Taxes on various products ===
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=== उत्पादेषु करः ।। Taxes on Various Products ===
The general rules regarding tax on products is enumerated as follows. The Shukraniti says,
The general rules regarding tax on products is enumerated as follows. The Shukraniti says,
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* The ruler should either receive 32nd portion of the value of product as duty from the seller or buyer or take the 20th or 16th part of the product (excluding cost price; from the profit) as duty from the seller.
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* The ruler should either receive 32nd portion of the value of product as duty from the seller or buyer or take the 20th or 16th part of the profit as duty from the seller.
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* In case of minerals the ruler should realise the duties at following rates (excluding expenses) ie. 1/2 part of gold, 1/3rd of silver, 1/4th part of copper, 1/6th of zinc & iron, 1/2 of gems, 1/2 of glass & lead.<ref name=":0" />
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* In case of minerals, the ruler should realise the duties at following rates (excluding expenses) ie. 1/2 part of gold, 1/3rd of silver, 1/4th part of copper, 1/6th of zinc & iron, 1/2 of gems, 1/2 of glass & lead.
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* In case of increase in population of animals such as goats, sheeps, cows, buffaloes, and horses 1/8th part of the increased portion and 1/16th part of the milk of she buffaloes, she goats and female sheep can be taken as a tax.
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* 1/32nd portion of the increase or interest can be taken as tax from the usurers (Money-lenders).<ref name=":0" />
<blockquote>द्वात्रिंशांशं हरेद्राजा विक्रेतुः क्रेतुरेव वा ।। १०६ ।। विंशांशं वा षोडशांशं शुल्कं मूल्याविरोधकम् ।
<blockquote>द्वात्रिंशांशं हरेद्राजा विक्रेतुः क्रेतुरेव वा ।। १०६ ।। विंशांशं वा षोडशांशं शुल्कं मूल्याविरोधकम् ।
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स्वर्णादर्धं च रजतात्तृतीयांशं चा ताम्रतः । चतुर्थांशं तु षष्ठांशं लोहाद्वङ्गाच्च सीसकात् ।।११५।। रत्नार्धं चैव क्षारार्धं खनिजाद्व्ययशेषतः ।<ref name=":5" />
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स्वर्णादर्धं च रजतात्तृतीयांशं चा ताम्रतः । चतुर्थांशं तु षष्ठांशं लोहाद्वङ्गाच्च सीसकात् ।।११५।। रत्नार्धं चैव क्षारार्धं खनिजाद्व्ययशेषतः ।
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अजाविगोमहिष्यश्व वृद्धितोऽष्टांशमाहरेत् । महिष्यजाविगोदुग्धात्षोडशांशं हरेन्नृपः ।। ११८ ।।
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वार्धुषिकाच्च कौसीदाद् द्वात्रिंशांशं हरेन्नृपः ।...।। १२६ ।।<ref name=":5" />
dvātriṁśāṁśaṁ haredrājā vikretuḥ kretureva vā ।। 106 ।। viṁśāṁśaṁ vā ṣoḍaśāṁśaṁ śulkaṁ mūlyāvirodhakam ।
dvātriṁśāṁśaṁ haredrājā vikretuḥ kretureva vā ।। 106 ।। viṁśāṁśaṁ vā ṣoḍaśāṁśaṁ śulkaṁ mūlyāvirodhakam ।
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svarṇādardhaṁ ca rajatāttr̥tīyāṁśaṁ cā tāmrataḥ । caturthāṁśaṁ tu ṣaṣṭhāṁśaṁ lohādvaṅgācca sīsakāt ।।115।। ratnārdhaṁ caiva kṣārārdhaṁ khanijādvyayaśeṣataḥ ।</blockquote>According to the Manusmrti,
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svarṇādardhaṁ ca rajatāttr̥tīyāṁśaṁ cā tāmrataḥ । caturthāṁśaṁ tu ṣaṣṭhāṁśaṁ lohādvaṅgācca sīsakāt ।।115।। ratnārdhaṁ caiva kṣārārdhaṁ khanijādvyayaśeṣataḥ ।
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* 1/6th part is to be taken of trees, meat, honey, clarified butter, perfumes, medicinal herbs, poisons, flowers, roots, vegetables, grass, earthen vessels and of all things made up of stone.<ref name=":0" />
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ajāvigomahiṣyaśva vr̥ddhito'ṣṭāṁśamāharet । mahiṣyajāvigodugdhātṣoḍaśāṁśaṁ harennr̥paḥ ।। 118 ।।
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vārdhuṣikācca kausīdād dvātriṁśāṁśaṁ harennr̥paḥ ।...।। 126 ।।</blockquote>According to the Manusmrti,
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* 1/6th part is to be taken of trees, meat, honey, clarified butter, perfumes, medicinal herbs, poisons, flowers, roots, vegetables, grass, earthen vessels and of all things made up of stone.
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* While the artisans and workers who subsist by bodily labour should work one day per month for the ruler.<ref name=":0" />
<blockquote>आददीताथ षड्भागं द्रुमांसमधुसर्पिषाम् । गन्धौषधिरसानां च पुष्पमूलफलस्य च ।। ७.१३१ ।।
<blockquote>आददीताथ षड्भागं द्रुमांसमधुसर्पिषाम् । गन्धौषधिरसानां च पुष्पमूलफलस्य च ।। ७.१३१ ।।
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पत्रशाकतृणानां च चर्मणां वैदलस्य च । मृन्मयानां च भाण्डानां सर्वस्याश्ममयस्य च ।। ७.१३२ ।।<ref name=":1" />
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पत्रशाकतृणानां च चर्मणां वैदलस्य च । मृन्मयानां च भाण्डानां सर्वस्याश्ममयस्य च ।। ७.१३२ ।।
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कारुकाञ् शिल्पिनश्चैव शूद्रांस्चात्मोपजीविनः । एकैकं कारयेत्कर्म मासि मासि महीपतिः । । ७.१३८ । ।<ref name=":1" />
ādadītātha ṣaḍbhāgaṁ drumāṁsamadhusarpiṣām । gandhauṣadhirasānāṁ ca puṣpamūlaphalasya ca ।। 7.131 ।।
ādadītātha ṣaḍbhāgaṁ drumāṁsamadhusarpiṣām । gandhauṣadhirasānāṁ ca puṣpamūlaphalasya ca ।। 7.131 ।।
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patraśākatr̥ṇānāṁ ca carmaṇāṁ vaidalasya ca । mr̥nmayānāṁ ca bhāṇḍānāṁ sarvasyāśmamayasya ca ।। 7.132 ।।</blockquote>From the above information it can be concluded that high tax was charged on precious metals like gold, silver, etc. and low tax was charged on less expensive, but widely usable metals, products.
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patraśākatr̥ṇānāṁ ca carmaṇāṁ vaidalasya ca । mr̥nmayānāṁ ca bhāṇḍānāṁ sarvasyāśmamayasya ca ।। 7.132 ।।
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Detailed information regarding the rates of tax that is to be charged on various products is also given in Kautiliya Arthashastra.<ref name=":0" />
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kārukāñ śilpinaścaiva śūdrāṁscātmopajīvinaḥ । ekaikaṁ kārayetkarma māsi māsi mahīpatiḥ । । 7.138 । ।</blockquote>Detailed information regarding the rates of tax that is to be charged on various products is also given in Kautiliya Arthashastra.<ref name=":0" /> It says,
* They (the tax collectors) may demand of cultivators one-fourth of their grain, and one-sixth of forest produce (vanya) and of such commodities as cotton, wax, fabrics, barks of trees, hemp, wool, silk, medicines, sandal, flowers, fruits, vegetables, firewood, bamboos, flesh, and dried flesh.
* They (the tax collectors) may demand of cultivators one-fourth of their grain, and one-sixth of forest produce (vanya) and of such commodities as cotton, wax, fabrics, barks of trees, hemp, wool, silk, medicines, sandal, flowers, fruits, vegetables, firewood, bamboos, flesh, and dried flesh.
* They may also take one-half of all ivory and skins of animals, and punish with the first fine those who trade in any article without obtaining a license from the ruler.<ref name=":3">R Shamasastry, [https://ia800402.us.archive.org/34/items/Arthasastra_English_Translation/Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf Kautilya's Arthashastra]</ref>
* They may also take one-half of all ivory and skins of animals, and punish with the first fine those who trade in any article without obtaining a license from the ruler.<ref name=":3">R Shamasastry, [https://ia800402.us.archive.org/34/items/Arthasastra_English_Translation/Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf Kautilya's Arthashastra]</ref>
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kukkuṭa-sūkaraṁ ardhaṁ dadyāt । kṣudra-paśavaḥ ṣaḍ-bhāgam । go-mahiṣa-aśvatara-khara-uṣṭrāśca daśa-bhāgaṁ ।। 05.2.27 ।।
kukkuṭa-sūkaraṁ ardhaṁ dadyāt । kṣudra-paśavaḥ ṣaḍ-bhāgam । go-mahiṣa-aśvatara-khara-uṣṭrāśca daśa-bhāgaṁ ।। 05.2.27 ।।
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From the above information it can be concluded that high tax was charged on precious metals like gold, silver, etc. and low tax was charged on less expensive, but widely usable metals, products.
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Interestingly, the Shukraniti states that if excess tax is received, then there was provision to return some part of the tax to the tax payer themselves.<ref name=":0" />
Interestingly, the Shukraniti states that if excess tax is received, then there was provision to return some part of the tax to the tax payer themselves.<ref name=":0" />
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For eg. It is said that if the ruler gets 100 silver Kaeshas from the cultivator, he should give back to him 20 karshas.<ref name=":6" />
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For eg. It is said that if the ruler gets 100 silver Karshas from the cultivator, he should give back to him 20 karshas.<ref name=":6" /><blockquote>राजभागस्तु रजतशतकर्षमितो यतः । कर्षकाल्लभ्यते तस्मै विंशांशमुत्सृजेन्नृपः ।। ११४ ।।<ref name=":5" />
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Those who give much tax by themselves, should be suitably honoured, so that they may be motivated. (Kautilya Arthashastra Adhyaya 92)<ref name=":0" />
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Those who, of their own accord or with the intention of doing good, offer their wealth to the king shall be honoured with a rank in the court, an umbrella, or a turban or some ornaments in return for their gold.<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>सारतो वा हिरण्यं आढ्यान्याचेत । यथा-उपकारं वा । स्व-वशा वा यदुपहरेयुः ।। ०५.२.३५ ।।
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स्थानच्-छत्र-वेष्टन-विभूषाश्चएषां हिरण्येन प्रयच्छेत् ।। ०५.२.३६ ।।<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>
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rājabhāgastu rajataśatakarṣamito yataḥ । karṣakāllabhyate tasmai viṁśāṁśamutsr̥jennr̥paḥ ।। 114 ।। </blockquote>The Kautiliya Arthashastra suggests that those who give much tax by themselves, should be suitably honoured, so that they may be motivated.<ref name=":0" /> For example,<blockquote>सारतो वा हिरण्यं आढ्यान्याचेत । यथा-उपकारं वा । स्व-वशा वा यदुपहरेयुः ।। ०५.२.३५ ।।
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* The artisans and workers who subsist by bodily labour should work one day per month for the king. (Manusmrti 7.138)<ref name=":0" />
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स्थानच्-छत्र-वेष्टन-विभूषाश्चएषां हिरण्येन प्रयच्छेत् ।। ०५.२.३६ ।।<ref name=":2" />
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<blockquote>कारुकाञ् शिल्पिनश्चैव शूद्रांस्चात्मोपजीविनः । एकैकं कारयेत्कर्म मासि मासि महीपतिः । । ७.१३८[१३९ं] । ।<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>In case of increase in population of animals (such as goats, sheeps, cows, etc.), l/8th part of the increased portion can be taken as a tax. (Shukraniti 4.2.118 ?)
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sārato vā hiraṇyaṁ āḍhyānyāceta । yathā-upakāraṁ vā । sva-vaśā vā yadupahareyuḥ ।। 05.2.35 ।।
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In this way there will be a equitable distribution of animal stock. Those who are in need of these type of animals can be provided with the animals taken in the form of tax. l/32nd portion can be taken as tax from the usurers. (Shukraniti 4.2.126 ?)
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sthānac-chatra-veṣṭana-vibhūṣāścaeṣāṁ hiraṇyena prayacchet ।। 05.2.36 ।।</blockquote>
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Meaning: Those who, of their own accord or with the intention of doing good, offer their wealth to the ruler should be honoured with a rank in the court, an umbrella, or a turban or some ornaments in return for their gold.<ref name=":3" />
=== Tax on Agriculture ===
=== Tax on Agriculture ===
Agricultural field was not exempted from tax. Usually in many texts it is mentioned that l/6th part of grains (agricultural product) should be taken as tax. Regarding this, Shukraniti conveys that the king should ascertain the quantity of tax from the land. The land should be divided as high capacity and low capacity yield land and accordingly should charge the tax (Shukraniti 4.2.108 ?).
Agricultural field was not exempted from tax. Usually in many texts it is mentioned that l/6th part of grains (agricultural product) should be taken as tax. Regarding this, Shukraniti conveys that the king should ascertain the quantity of tax from the land. The land should be divided as high capacity and low capacity yield land and accordingly should charge the tax (Shukraniti 4.2.108 ?).