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→भारतीय-संस्कृत्यां यमुना ॥ Cultural Importance
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कालिन्दीं यमुनां रम्याम्, यामुनं च महागिरिम् ॥+
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−We also find that Balarama had once stayed in Ambadi for two months. One day, he was picnicking on the banks of Kalindi with the Gopis. He desired to play with his companions in the waters of Kalindi, so, he called Kalindi to his side, but the chaste Kalindi refused to oblige him. So he dragged her by his plough hooking her to it. In great fear, Kalindi saluted him, and he enjoyed with the gopis for some time on its waters. <blockquote>एवं निर्भर्त्सिता भीता यमुना यदुनन्दनम् । उवाच चकिता वाचं पतिता पादयोर्नृप ॥ (Bhagavata Purana, 10.65.27)<ref name=":2">Jagadishlal Shastri (2003), Srimad Bhagavata Purana of Krsna Dvaipayana Vyasa, Delhi: MLBD. </ref>
−evaṁ nirbhartsitā bhītā yamunā yadunandanam । uvāca cakitā vācaṁ patitā pādayornr̥pa ॥ +
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+अश्वमेधसहस्रेण राजसूयशतेन च । इष्टवान्स महातेजा दौःषन्तिर्भरतः पुरा ॥ (Shanti Parva, Chapter 29.42)<ref name=":4" />+
<blockquote>श्रीयमुनाकवचम् '''('''गर्गसंहितान्तर्गतं''')''' Srīyamunākavacam '''[https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_devii/yamunAkavachaMgargasamhitA.html]'''+ +
देहि मह्यं महाभाग धारयिष्याम्यहं सदा ॥ १॥+
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−yamunāyāśca kavacaṁ sarvarakṣākaraṁ nr̥ṇām ।
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−catuṣpadārthadaṁ sākṣācchr̥ṇu rājanmahāmate ॥2
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−कृष्णां चतुर्भुजां श्यामां पुण्डरीकदलेक्षणाम् ।
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−रथस्थां सुन्दरीं ध्यात्वा धारयेत्कवचं ततः ॥ ३॥
−kr̥ṣṇāṁ caturbhujāṁ śyāmāṁ puṇḍarīkadalekṣaṇām ।+rathasthāṁ sundarīṁ dhyātvā dhārayetkavacaṁ tataḥ ॥3+स्नातः पूर्वमुखो मौनी कृतसन्ध्यः कुशासने ।+kuśairbaddhaśikho vipraḥ paṭhedvai svastikāsanaḥ ॥4+यमुना मे शिरः पातु कृष्णा नेत्रद्वयं सदा ।+श्यामा भ्रूभङ्गदेशं च नासिकां नाकवासिनी ॥ ५॥+yamunā me śiraḥ pātu kr̥ṣṇā netradvayaṁ sadā ।+śyāmā bhrūbhaṅgadeśaṁ ca nāsikāṁ nākavāsinī ॥5+कपोलौ पातु मे साक्षात्परमानन्दरूपिणी ।+कृष्णवामांससम्भूता पातु कर्णद्वयं मम ॥ ६॥+kapolau pātu me sākṣātparamānandarūpiṇī ।+kr̥ṣṇavāmāṁsasambhūtā pātu karṇadvayaṁ mama ॥6+अधरौ पातु कालिन्दी चिबुकं सूर्यकन्यका ।+यमस्वसा कन्धरां च हृदयं मे महानदी ॥ ७॥+adharau pātu kālindī cibukaṁ sūryakanyakā ।+yamasvasā kandharāṁ ca hr̥dayaṁ me mahānadī ॥7+कृष्णप्रिया पातु पृष्ठं तटिनि मे भुजद्वयम् ।+श्रोणीतटं च सुश्रोणी कटिं मे चारुदर्शना ॥ ८॥+kr̥ṣṇapriyā pātu pr̥ṣṭhaṁ taṭini me bhujadvayam ।+śroṇītaṭaṁ ca suśroṇī kaṭiṁ me cārudarśanā ॥8+ऊरुद्वयं तु रम्भोरुर्जानुनी त्वङ्घ्रिभेदिनी ।+गुल्फौ रासेश्वरी पातु पादौ पापप्रहारिणी ॥ ९॥+
−ūrudvayaṁ tu rambhorurjānunī tvaṅghribhedinī ।
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−gulphau rāseśvarī pātu pādau pāpaprahāriṇī ॥9
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−अन्तर्बहिरधश्चोर्ध्वं दिशासु विदिशासु च ।
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−समन्तात्पातु जगतः परिपूर्णतमप्रिया ॥ १०॥
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−antarbahiradhaścordhvaṁ diśāsu vidiśāsu ca ।
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−samantātpātu jagataḥ paripūrṇatamapriyā ॥10
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−इदं श्रीयमुनायाश्च कवचं परमाद्भुतम् ।
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−दशवारं पठेद्भक्त्या निर्धनो धनवान्भवेत् ॥ ११॥
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−idaṁ śrīyamunāyāśca kavacaṁ paramādbhutam ।
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−daśavāraṁ paṭhedbhaktyā nirdhano dhanavānbhavet ॥11
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−त्रिभिर्मासैः पठेद्धीमान् ब्रह्मचारी मिताशनः ।
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−सर्वराज्याधिपत्यञ्च प्राप्यते नात्र संशयः ॥ १२॥
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−tribhirmāsaiḥ paṭheddhīmān brahmacārī mitāśanaḥ ।
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−sarvarājyādhipatyañca prāpyate nātra saṁśayaḥ ॥12
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−दशोत्तरशतं नित्यं त्रिमासावधि भक्तितः ।
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−यः पठेत्प्रयतो भूत्वा तस्य किं किं न जायते ॥ १३॥
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−daśottaraśataṁ nityaṁ trimāsāvadhi bhaktitaḥ ।
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−yaḥ paṭhetprayato bhūtvā tasya kiṁ kiṁ na jāyate ॥13
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−yaḥ paṭhetprātarutthāya sarvatīrthaphalaṁ labhet ।
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−ante vrajetparaṁ dhāma golokaṁ yogidurlabham ॥14
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−<blockquote>यमुनाष्टकम् [https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_devii/yamunaa82.html] Yamunāṣṭakam
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===मेला ॥ Mela===
===मेला ॥ Mela===
−The annual Maghamela (bathing festival) and the Kumbhamela held once in twelve years during January-February, attract millions of devotees.
+The annual Maghamela (bathing festival) and the Kumbhamela held once in twelve years during January-February on the banks of Yamuna, attract millions of devotees.
===यमद्वितीया ॥ Yama-Dvitiya===
===यमद्वितीया ॥ Yama-Dvitiya===
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==इतिहासे यमुना ॥ Yamuna in Itihasa==
==इतिहासे यमुना ॥ Yamuna in Itihasa==
−According to the Adikavya Ramayana, Yamunotri is a spot in the Bandara-puccha (monkey’s tail) mountain in the Himalaya where the river Yamuna has its source: <blockquote>नदीं भागीरथीं रम्याम्, सरयूं कौशिकीं तथा ।
+According to the Adikavya Ramayana, Yamunotri is a spot in the Bandara-puccha (monkey’s tail) mountain in the Himalaya where the river Yamuna has its source: <blockquote>नदीं भागीरथीं रम्याम्, सरयूं कौशिकीं तथा । कालिन्दीं यमुनां रम्याम्, यामुनं च महागिरिम् ॥
−सरस्वतीं च सिन्धुं च, शोणं मणिनिभोदकम् । महीं कालमहीं चैव, शैलकाननशोभिताम् ॥ (Kishkindha kanda, chapter 40, 21-22)[https://readramayana.org/Kishkindha/40/?ss1=Devanagari]
−सरस्वतीं च सिन्धुं च, शोणं मणिनिभोदकम् ।
−महीं कालमहीं चैव, शैलकाननशोभिताम् ॥ (Kishkindha kanda, chapter 40, 21-22)[https://readramayana.org/Kishkindha/40/?ss1=Devanagari]
nadīṁ bhāgīrathīṁ ramyām, sarayūṁ kauśikīṁ tathā ।
nadīṁ bhāgīrathīṁ ramyām, sarayūṁ kauśikīṁ tathā ।
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mahīṁ kālamahīṁ caiva, śailakānanaśobhitām ॥</blockquote>Meaning: (Search by) the river Ganga, and the enchanting Sarayu and Kousiki, and the beautiful Yamuna that originates from Kalinda, and the Saraswati and Sindhu and the Sona whose waters are as clear as gems, and the Mahee, and the Kālamahee that is splendid with its fine hills and forests.[https://readramayana.org/Kishkindha/40/?ss1=Devanagari]
mahīṁ kālamahīṁ caiva, śailakānanaśobhitām ॥</blockquote>Meaning: (Search by) the river Ganga, and the enchanting Sarayu and Kousiki, and the beautiful Yamuna that originates from Kalinda, and the Saraswati and Sindhu and the Sona whose waters are as clear as gems, and the Mahee, and the Kālamahee that is splendid with its fine hills and forests.[https://readramayana.org/Kishkindha/40/?ss1=Devanagari]
−Hanuman, after setting fire to Lanka, is said to have extinguished the fire of his tail by plunging it into a lake enclosed by the four highest peaks of this range, which has since been called Bandara-puccha mountain.
Hanuman, after setting fire to Lanka, is said to have extinguished the fire of his tail by plunging it into a lake enclosed by the four highest peaks of this range, which has since been called Bandara-puccha mountain.
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भयानकावर्तशताकुला नदी, मार्गं ददौ सिन्धुरिव श्रियः पतेः ॥ (Bhagavata Purana, 10.3.50)[https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/3/50/]
भयानकावर्तशताकुला नदी, मार्गं ददौ सिन्धुरिव श्रियः पतेः ॥ (Bhagavata Purana, 10.3.50)[https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/3/50/]
−maghoni varṣatyasakr̥dyamānujā, gambhīratoyaughajavormiphenilā । bhayānakāvartaśatākulā nadī, mārgaṁ dadau sindhuriva śriyaḥ pateḥ ॥</blockquote>Meaning: Because of constant rain sent by the demigod Indra, the river Yamuna was filled with deep water, foaming about with fiercely whirling waves. But as the great Indian Ocean had formerly given way to Lord Ramachandra by allowing Him to construct a bridge, the river Yamuna gave way to Vasudeva and allowed him to cross. In the epics and the Puranas, Yamuna has been described as closely connected with the boyhood days of Lord Krishna, like the Rasalila.[https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/3/50/]
+maghoni varṣatyasakr̥dyamānujā, gambhīratoyaughajavormiphenilā ।
+bhayānakāvartaśatākulā nadī, mārgaṁ dadau sindhuriva śriyaḥ pateḥ ॥</blockquote>Meaning: Because of constant rain sent by the demigod Indra, the river Yamuna was filled with deep water, foaming about with fiercely whirling waves. But as the great Indian Ocean had formerly given way to Lord Ramachandra by allowing Him to construct a bridge, the river Yamuna gave way to Vasudeva and allowed him to cross.
+In the epics and the Puranas, Yamuna has been described as closely connected with the boyhood days of Lord Krishna, like the Rasalila.[https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/3/50/]
−We also find that Balarama had once stayed in Ambadi for two months. One day, he was picnicking on the banks of Kalindi with the Gopis. He desired to play with his companions in the waters of Kalindi, so, he called Kalindi to his side, but the chaste Kalindi refused to oblige him. So he dragged her by his plough hooking her to it. In great fear, Kalindi saluted him, and he enjoyed with the gopis for some time on its waters. <blockquote>एवं निर्भर्त्सिता भीता यमुना यदुनन्दनम् । उवाच चकिता वाचं पतिता पादयोर्नृप ॥ (Bhagavata Purana, 10.65.27)
−ततो व्यमुञ्चद्यमुनां याचितो भगवान् बलः । विजगाह जलं स्त्रीभिः करेणुभिरिवेभराट् ॥ (Bhagavata Purana, 10.65.30)<ref name=":2" />
+ततो व्यमुञ्चद्यमुनां याचितो भगवान् बलः । विजगाह जलं स्त्रीभिः करेणुभिरिवेभराट् ॥ (Bhagavata Purana, 10.65.30)<ref name=":2">Jagadishlal Shastri (2003), Srimad Bhagavata Purana of Krsna Dvaipayana Vyasa, Delhi: MLBD. </ref>
+evaṁ nirbhartsitā bhītā yamunā yadunandanam । uvāca cakitā vācaṁ patitā pādayornr̥pa ॥
+tato vyamuñcadyamunāṁ yācito bhagavān balaḥ । vijagāha jalaṁ strībhiḥ kareṇubhirivebharāṭ ॥ </blockquote>Later on, after Maya had built Indraprastha for the Pandavas, Sri Krishna had spent a few days there with them. And, one day while Krishna and Arjuna were strolling on the banks of Kalindi, the latter saw there a beautiful woman performing penance and he approached her. She told Arjuna that the object of her penance was to get Krishna as husband, <blockquote>कालिन्दीति समाख्याता वसामि यमुनाजले । निर्मिते भवने पित्रा यावदच्युतदर्शनम् ॥ (Bhagavata Purana, 10.58.22)<ref name=":2" />
tato vyamuñcadyamunāṁ yācito bhagavān balaḥ । vijagāha jalaṁ strībhiḥ kareṇubhirivebharāṭ ॥ </blockquote>Later on, after Maya had built Indraprastha for the Pandavas, Sri Krishna had spent a few days there with them. And, one day while Krishna and Arjuna were strolling on the banks of Kalindi, the latter saw there a beautiful woman performing penance and he approached her. She told Arjuna that the object of her penance was to get Krishna as husband, <blockquote>कालिन्दीति समाख्याता वसामि यमुनाजले । निर्मिते भवने पित्रा यावदच्युतदर्शनम् ॥ (Bhagavata Purana, 10.58.22)<ref name=":2" />
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*Bharata performed thirty-three Ashvamedha sacrifices on the banks of the Yamuna. On another occasion, he conducted six Ashvamedhas at the same spot. On yet another occasion, he conducted three hundred Ashvamedhas.
*Bharata performed thirty-three Ashvamedha sacrifices on the banks of the Yamuna. On another occasion, he conducted six Ashvamedhas at the same spot. On yet another occasion, he conducted three hundred Ashvamedhas.
−<blockquote>यो बद्ध्वा त्रिंशतो ह्यश्वान्देवेभ्यो यमुनामनु । सरस्वतीं विंशतिं च गङ्गामनु चतुर्दश ॥ (Shanti Parva, Chapter 29.41)<ref name=":4">V. S. Sukthankar (1966), The Mahabharata, Delhi: MLBD.</ref>
+<blockquote>यो बद्ध्वा त्रिंशतो ह्यश्वान्देवेभ्यो यमुनामनु । सरस्वतीं विंशतिं च गङ्गामनु चतुर्दश ॥ (Shanti Parva, Chapter 29.41)
+अश्वमेधसहस्रेण राजसूयशतेन च । इष्टवान्स महातेजा दौःषन्तिर्भरतः पुरा ॥ (Shanti Parva, Chapter 29.42)<ref name=":4">V. S. Sukthankar (1966), The Mahabharata, Delhi: MLBD.</ref>
yo baddhvā triṁśato hyaśvāndevebhyo yamunāmanu । sarasvatīṁ viṁśatiṁ ca gaṅgāmanu caturdaśa ॥
yo baddhvā triṁśato hyaśvāndevebhyo yamunāmanu । sarasvatīṁ viṁśatiṁ ca gaṅgāmanu caturdaśa ॥
−aśvamedhasahasreṇa rājasūyaśatena ca । iṣṭavānsa mahātejā dauḥṣantirbharataḥ purā ॥</blockquote>
aśvamedhasahasreṇa rājasūyaśatena ca । iṣṭavānsa mahātejā dauḥṣantirbharataḥ purā ॥</blockquote>
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Garga Samhita is an ancient Vaishnava scripture narrating the life of Krishna in seventeen cantos. Inspired by Narada to compose this scripture, Garga Muni was a sage and priest of the Yadu dynasty having undergone several austerities and penances.
Garga Samhita is an ancient Vaishnava scripture narrating the life of Krishna in seventeen cantos. Inspired by Narada to compose this scripture, Garga Muni was a sage and priest of the Yadu dynasty having undergone several austerities and penances.
−=== श्रीयमुनाकवचम् '''('''गर्गसंहितान्तर्गतं''')''' ॥ Srīyamunākavacam '''[https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_devii/yamunAkavachaMgargasamhitA.html]''' ===
−<blockquote>
−मान्धातोवाच - māndhātovāca
मान्धातोवाच - māndhātovāca
−यमुनायाः कृष्णराज्ञ्याः कवचं सर्वतोऽमलम् ।
+यमुनायाः कृष्णराज्ञ्याः कवचं सर्वतोऽमलम् । देहि मह्यं महाभाग धारयिष्याम्यहं सदा ॥ १॥
−yamunāyāḥ kr̥ṣṇarājñyāḥ kavacaṁ sarvato'malam । dehi mahyaṁ mahābhāga dhārayiṣyāmyahaṁ sadā ॥1
−yamunāyāḥ kr̥ṣṇarājñyāḥ kavacaṁ sarvato'malam ।
−dehi mahyaṁ mahābhāga dhārayiṣyāmyahaṁ sadā ॥1
सौभरिरुवाच - saubhariruvāca
सौभरिरुवाच - saubhariruvāca
−यमुनायाश्च कवचं सर्वरक्षाकरं नृणाम् ।
+यमुनायाश्च कवचं सर्वरक्षाकरं नृणाम् । चतुष्पदार्थदं साक्षाच्छृणु राजन्महामते ॥ २॥
−चतुष्पदार्थदं साक्षाच्छृणु राजन्महामते ॥ २॥
−yamunāyāśca kavacaṁ sarvarakṣākaraṁ nr̥ṇām । catuṣpadārthadaṁ sākṣācchr̥ṇu rājanmahāmate ॥2
−कृष्णां चतुर्भुजां श्यामां पुण्डरीकदलेक्षणाम् । रथस्थां सुन्दरीं ध्यात्वा धारयेत्कवचं ततः ॥ ३॥
−kr̥ṣṇāṁ caturbhujāṁ śyāmāṁ puṇḍarīkadalekṣaṇām । rathasthāṁ sundarīṁ dhyātvā dhārayetkavacaṁ tataḥ ॥3
−कुशैर्बद्धशिखो विप्रः पठेद्वै स्वस्तिकासनः ॥ ४॥
+स्नातः पूर्वमुखो मौनी कृतसन्ध्यः कुशासने । कुशैर्बद्धशिखो विप्रः पठेद्वै स्वस्तिकासनः ॥ ४॥
−snātaḥ pūrvamukho maunī kr̥tasandhyaḥ kuśāsane ।
+snātaḥ pūrvamukho maunī kr̥tasandhyaḥ kuśāsane । kuśairbaddhaśikho vipraḥ paṭhedvai svastikāsanaḥ ॥4
−यमुना मे शिरः पातु कृष्णा नेत्रद्वयं सदा । श्यामा भ्रूभङ्गदेशं च नासिकां नाकवासिनी ॥ ५॥
−yamunā me śiraḥ pātu kr̥ṣṇā netradvayaṁ sadā । śyāmā bhrūbhaṅgadeśaṁ ca nāsikāṁ nākavāsinī ॥5
−कपोलौ पातु मे साक्षात्परमानन्दरूपिणी । कृष्णवामांससम्भूता पातु कर्णद्वयं मम ॥ ६॥
−kapolau pātu me sākṣātparamānandarūpiṇī । kr̥ṣṇavāmāṁsasambhūtā pātu karṇadvayaṁ mama ॥6
−अधरौ पातु कालिन्दी चिबुकं सूर्यकन्यका । यमस्वसा कन्धरां च हृदयं मे महानदी ॥ ७॥
−adharau pātu kālindī cibukaṁ sūryakanyakā । yamasvasā kandharāṁ ca hr̥dayaṁ me mahānadī ॥7
−कृष्णप्रिया पातु पृष्ठं तटिनि मे भुजद्वयम् । श्रोणीतटं च सुश्रोणी कटिं मे चारुदर्शना ॥ ८॥
−kr̥ṣṇapriyā pātu pr̥ṣṭhaṁ taṭini me bhujadvayam । śroṇītaṭaṁ ca suśroṇī kaṭiṁ me cārudarśanā ॥8
−ऊरुद्वयं तु रम्भोरुर्जानुनी त्वङ्घ्रिभेदिनी । गुल्फौ रासेश्वरी पातु पादौ पापप्रहारिणी ॥ ९॥
−ūrudvayaṁ tu rambhorurjānunī tvaṅghribhedinī । gulphau rāseśvarī pātu pādau pāpaprahāriṇī ॥9
−अन्तर्बहिरधश्चोर्ध्वं दिशासु विदिशासु च । समन्तात्पातु जगतः परिपूर्णतमप्रिया ॥ १०॥
−antarbahiradhaścordhvaṁ diśāsu vidiśāsu ca । samantātpātu jagataḥ paripūrṇatamapriyā ॥10
−इदं श्रीयमुनायाश्च कवचं परमाद्भुतम् । दशवारं पठेद्भक्त्या निर्धनो धनवान्भवेत् ॥ ११॥
−idaṁ śrīyamunāyāśca kavacaṁ paramādbhutam । daśavāraṁ paṭhedbhaktyā nirdhano dhanavānbhavet ॥11
−त्रिभिर्मासैः पठेद्धीमान् ब्रह्मचारी मिताशनः । सर्वराज्याधिपत्यञ्च प्राप्यते नात्र संशयः ॥ १२॥
−tribhirmāsaiḥ paṭheddhīmān brahmacārī mitāśanaḥ । sarvarājyādhipatyañca prāpyate nātra saṁśayaḥ ॥12
−दशोत्तरशतं नित्यं त्रिमासावधि भक्तितः । यः पठेत्प्रयतो भूत्वा तस्य किं किं न जायते ॥ १३॥
−daśottaraśataṁ nityaṁ trimāsāvadhi bhaktitaḥ । yaḥ paṭhetprayato bhūtvā tasya kiṁ kiṁ na jāyate ॥13
−यः पठेत्प्रातरुत्थाय सर्वतीर्थफलं लभेत् । अन्ते व्रजेत्परं धाम गोलोकं योगिदुर्लभम् ॥ १४॥
−यः पठेत्प्रातरुत्थाय सर्वतीर्थफलं लभेत् ।
−अन्ते व्रजेत्परं धाम गोलोकं योगिदुर्लभम् ॥ १४॥
−yaḥ paṭhetprātarutthāya sarvatīrthaphalaṁ labhet । ante vrajetparaṁ dhāma golokaṁ yogidurlabham ॥14
इति गर्गसंहितायां माधुर्यखण्डे षोडशाध्यायान्तर्गतं यमुनाकवचं सम्पूर्णम् ।
इति गर्गसंहितायां माधुर्यखण्डे षोडशाध्यायान्तर्गतं यमुनाकवचं सम्पूर्णम् ।
−iti gargasaṁhitāyāṁ mādhuryakhaṇḍe ṣoḍaśādhyāyāntargataṁ yamunākavacaṁ sampūrṇam ।</blockquote>*** *** ***<blockquote>यमुनाष्टकम् [https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_devii/yamunaa81.html] Yamunāṣṭakam
+iti gargasaṁhitāyāṁ mādhuryakhaṇḍe ṣoḍaśādhyāyāntargataṁ yamunākavacaṁ sampūrṇam ।</blockquote>
−=== यमुनाष्टकम् [https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_devii/yamunaa81.html] ॥ Yamunāṣṭakam ===
+<blockquote>
मुरारिकायकालिमाललामवारिधारिणी, तृणीकृतत्रिविष्टपा त्रिलोकशोकहारिणी ।
मुरारिकायकालिमाललामवारिधारिणी, तृणीकृतत्रिविष्टपा त्रिलोकशोकहारिणी ।
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सुनन्दनन्दिनाङ्गसङ्गरागरञ्जिता हिता, धुनोतु नो मनोमलं कलिन्दनन्दिनी सदा ॥ २॥
सुनन्दनन्दिनाङ्गसङ्गरागरञ्जिता हिता, धुनोतु नो मनोमलं कलिन्दनन्दिनी सदा ॥ २॥
−malāpahārivāripūribhūrimaṇḍitāmr̥tā, bhr̥śaṁ pravātakaprapañcanātipaṇḍitāniśā । sunandanandināṅgasaṅgarāgarañjitā hitā, dhunotu no manomalaṁ kalindanandinī sadā ॥2</blockquote>Meaning: Your water, which takes away the impurities, is filled with abundant Nectar-like qualities, which (i.e. your water) is expert in washing away deep-seated sins of sinners, continually; which (i.e. your water) is extremely beneficial, being coloured by the touch of the body of the son of virtuous Nanda Gopa. O Kalinda Nandini (daughter of the Kalinda mountain), please wash away the impurities from my mind, always.
+malāpahārivāripūribhūrimaṇḍitāmr̥tā, bhr̥śaṁ pravātakaprapañcanātipaṇḍitāniśā ।
+sunandanandināṅgasaṅgarāgarañjitā hitā, dhunotu no manomalaṁ kalindanandinī sadā ॥2</blockquote>Meaning: Your water, which takes away the impurities, is filled with abundant Nectar-like qualities, which (i.e. your water) is expert in washing away deep-seated sins of sinners, continually; which (i.e. your water) is extremely beneficial, being coloured by the touch of the body of the son of virtuous Nanda Gopa. O Kalinda Nandini (daughter of the Kalinda mountain), please wash away the impurities from my mind, always.
<blockquote>लसत्तरङ्गसङ्गधूतभूतजातपातका, नवीनमाधुरीधुरीणभक्तिजातचातका ।
<blockquote>लसत्तरङ्गसङ्गधूतभूतजातपातका, नवीनमाधुरीधुरीणभक्तिजातचातका ।
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तटान्तवासदासहंससंसृताह्निकामदा, धुनोतु नो मनोमलं कलिन्दनन्दिनी सदा ॥ ३॥
तटान्तवासदासहंससंसृताह्निकामदा, धुनोतु नो मनोमलं कलिन्दनन्दिनी सदा ॥ ३॥
−lasattaraṅgasaṅgadhūtabhūtajātapātakā, navīnamādhurīdhurīṇabhaktijātacātakā । taṭāntavāsadāsahaṁsasaṁsr̥tāhnikāmadā, dhunotu no manomalaṁ kalindanandinī sadā ॥3</blockquote>Meaning: The touch of your shining and playful waves wash away the sins rising in the living beings. On your bank, reside many Chataka birds who carry the fresh sweetness born of Bhakti (Devotion) (and who always look towards Bhakti like Chataka birds look towards water). You grant the wishes of many swans who converge and dwell on the boundary of your river banks. O Kalinda Nandini (daughter of the Kalinda Mountain), please wash away the impurities from my mind, always.
+lasattaraṅgasaṅgadhūtabhūtajātapātakā, navīnamādhurīdhurīṇabhaktijātacātakā ।
+taṭāntavāsadāsahaṁsasaṁsr̥tāhnikāmadā, dhunotu no manomalaṁ kalindanandinī sadā ॥3</blockquote>Meaning: The touch of your shining and playful waves wash away the sins rising in the living beings. On your bank, reside many Chataka birds who carry the fresh sweetness born of Bhakti (Devotion) (and who always look towards Bhakti like Chataka birds look towards water). You grant the wishes of many swans who converge and dwell on the boundary of your river banks. O Kalinda Nandini (daughter of the Kalinda Mountain), please wash away the impurities from my mind, always.
<blockquote>विहाररासस्वेदभेदधीरतीरमारुता, गता गिरामगोचरे यदीयनीरचारुता ।
<blockquote>विहाररासस्वेदभेदधीरतीरमारुता, गता गिरामगोचरे यदीयनीरचारुता ।
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प्रवाहसाहचर्यपूतमेदिनीनदीनदा, धुनोतु नो मनोमलं कलिन्दनन्दिनी सदा ॥ ४॥
प्रवाहसाहचर्यपूतमेदिनीनदीनदा, धुनोतु नो मनोमलं कलिन्दनन्दिनी सदा ॥ ४॥
−vihārarāsasvedabhedadhīratīramārutā, gatā girāmagocare yadīyanīracārutā । pravāhasāhacaryapūtamedinīnadīnadā, dhunotu no manomalaṁ kalindanandinī sadā ॥4</blockquote>Meaning: The breeze on your calm river bank carries the memories of the pastimes and Rasa leela (of Sri Krishna and the Gopis), and the associated distress of separation (of the Gopis from Sri Krishna). The beauty of your water has gone beyond what the speech can express. Due to the association with your flow of water, the Earth and other rivers have also become purified. O Kalinda Nandini (daughter of the Kalinda Mountain), please wash away the impurities from my mind, always.
+vihārarāsasvedabhedadhīratīramārutā, gatā girāmagocare yadīyanīracārutā ।
+pravāhasāhacaryapūtamedinīnadīnadā, dhunotu no manomalaṁ kalindanandinī sadā ॥4</blockquote>Meaning: The breeze on your calm river bank carries the memories of the pastimes and Rasa leela (of Sri Krishna and the Gopis), and the associated distress of separation (of the Gopis from Sri Krishna). The beauty of your water has gone beyond what the speech can express. Due to the association with your flow of water, the Earth and other rivers have also become purified. O Kalinda Nandini (daughter of the Kalinda Mountain), please wash away the impurities from my mind, always.
<blockquote>तरङ्गसङ्गसैकतान्तरातितं सदासिता, शरन्निशाकरांशुमञ्जुमञ्जरी सभाजिता ।
<blockquote>तरङ्गसङ्गसैकतान्तरातितं सदासिता, शरन्निशाकरांशुमञ्जुमञ्जरी सभाजिता ।
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भवार्चनाप्रचारुणाम्बुनाधुना विशारदा, धुनोतु नो मनोमलं कलिन्दनन्दिनी सदा ॥ ५॥
भवार्चनाप्रचारुणाम्बुनाधुना विशारदा, धुनोतु नो मनोमलं कलिन्दनन्दिनी सदा ॥ ५॥
−taraṅgasaṅgasaikatāntarātitaṁ sadāsitā, śaranniśākarāṁśumañjumañjarī sabhājitā । bhavārcanāpracāruṇāmbunādhunā viśāradā, dhunotu no manomalaṁ kalindanandinī sadā ॥5</blockquote>Meaning: Your curved interior sand-banks always shine by being in contact with your flowing waves. Your river-body and river-banks are adorned by the blossom of beautiful moonbeams of the autumn night. You are expert in adorning the world by washing with your beautiful water. O Kalinda Nandini (daughter of the Kalinda Mountain), please wash away the impurities from my mind, always.
+taraṅgasaṅgasaikatāntarātitaṁ sadāsitā, śaranniśākarāṁśumañjumañjarī sabhājitā ।
+bhavārcanāpracāruṇāmbunādhunā viśāradā, dhunotu no manomalaṁ kalindanandinī sadā ॥5</blockquote>Meaning: Your curved interior sand-banks always shine by being in contact with your flowing waves. Your river-body and river-banks are adorned by the blossom of beautiful moonbeams of the autumn night. You are expert in adorning the world by washing with your beautiful water. O Kalinda Nandini (daughter of the Kalinda Mountain), please wash away the impurities from my mind, always.
<blockquote>जलान्तकेलिकारिचारुराधिकाङ्गरागिणी, स्वभर्तुरन्यदुर्लभाङ्गताङ्गतांशभागिनी ।
<blockquote>जलान्तकेलिकारिचारुराधिकाङ्गरागिणी, स्वभर्तुरन्यदुर्लभाङ्गताङ्गतांशभागिनी ।
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स्वदत्तसुप्तसप्तसिन्धुभेदिनातिकोविदा, धुनोतु नो मनोमलं कलिन्दनन्दिनी सदा ॥ ६॥
स्वदत्तसुप्तसप्तसिन्धुभेदिनातिकोविदा, धुनोतु नो मनोमलं कलिन्दनन्दिनी सदा ॥ ६॥
−jalāntakelikāricārurādhikāṅgarāgiṇī, svabharturanyadurlabhāṅgatāṅgatāṁśabhāginī । svadattasuptasaptasindhubhedinātikovidā, dhunotu no manomalaṁ kalindanandinī sadā ॥6</blockquote>Meaning: Your river-body is coloured by the touch of the beautiful Radharani who used to play in your waters. You nourish others with that sacred touch (of Radha-Krishna), which is so difficult to obtain. You also share that sacred touch with the Sapta Sindhu (Seven Rivers) silently, you being an expert in penetrating (the realms of others). O Kalinda Nandini (daughter of the Kalinda Mountain), please wash away the impurities from my mind, always.
+jalāntakelikāricārurādhikāṅgarāgiṇī, svabharturanyadurlabhāṅgatāṅgatāṁśabhāginī ।
+svadattasuptasaptasindhubhedinātikovidā, dhunotu no manomalaṁ kalindanandinī sadā ॥6</blockquote>Meaning: Your river-body is coloured by the touch of the beautiful Radharani who used to play in your waters. You nourish others with that sacred touch (of Radha-Krishna), which is so difficult to obtain. You also share that sacred touch with the Sapta Sindhu (Seven Rivers) silently, you being an expert in penetrating (the realms of others). O Kalinda Nandini (daughter of the Kalinda Mountain), please wash away the impurities from my mind, always.
<blockquote>जलच्युताच्युताङ्गरागलम्पटालिशालिनी, विलोलराधिकाकचान्तचम्पकालिमालिनी ।
<blockquote>जलच्युताच्युताङ्गरागलम्पटालिशालिनी, विलोलराधिकाकचान्तचम्पकालिमालिनी ।
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सदावगाहनावतीर्णभर्तृभृत्यनारदा, धुनोतु नो मनोमलं कलिन्दनन्दिनी सदा ॥ ७॥
सदावगाहनावतीर्णभर्तृभृत्यनारदा, धुनोतु नो मनोमलं कलिन्दनन्दिनी सदा ॥ ७॥
−jalacyutācyutāṅgarāgalampaṭāliśālinī, vilolarādhikākacāntacampakālimālinī । sadāvagāhanāvatīrṇabhartr̥bhr̥tyanāradā, dhunotu no manomalaṁ kalindanandinī sadā ॥7</blockquote>Meaning: On your river-body has fallen the colour from the body of Achyuta (Sri Krishna) when He played with the Gopis who flocked like bees and also (on your river-body have fallen) the bee-like Champaka flowers which garlanded the dangling hair of Radharani. And again on your river-body, Sage Narada, the servant of the Lord, always descends to take bath. O Kalinda Nandini (daughter of the Kalinda Mountain), please wash away the impurities from my mind, always.
+jalacyutācyutāṅgarāgalampaṭāliśālinī, vilolarādhikākacāntacampakālimālinī ।
+sadāvagāhanāvatīrṇabhartr̥bhr̥tyanāradā, dhunotu no manomalaṁ kalindanandinī sadā ॥7</blockquote>Meaning: On your river-body has fallen the colour from the body of Achyuta (Sri Krishna) when He played with the Gopis who flocked like bees and also (on your river-body have fallen) the bee-like Champaka flowers which garlanded the dangling hair of Radharani. And again on your river-body, Sage Narada, the servant of the Lord, always descends to take bath. O Kalinda Nandini (daughter of the Kalinda Mountain), please wash away the impurities from my mind, always.
<blockquote>सदैव नन्दिनन्दकेलिशालिकुञ्जमञ्जुला, तटोत्थफुल्लमल्लिकाकदम्बरेणुसूज्ज्वला ।
<blockquote>सदैव नन्दिनन्दकेलिशालिकुञ्जमञ्जुला, तटोत्थफुल्लमल्लिकाकदम्बरेणुसूज्ज्वला ।
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जलावगाहिनां नृणां भवाब्धिसिन्धुपारदा, धुनोतु नो मनोमलं कलिन्दनन्दिनी सदा ॥ ८॥
जलावगाहिनां नृणां भवाब्धिसिन्धुपारदा, धुनोतु नो मनोमलं कलिन्दनन्दिनी सदा ॥ ८॥
−sadaiva nandinandakeliśālikuñjamañjulā, taṭotthaphullamallikākadambareṇusūjjvalā । jalāvagāhināṁ nr̥ṇāṁ bhavābdhisindhupāradā, dhunotu no manomalaṁ kalindanandinī sadā ॥8</blockquote>Meaning: Your bank abounds in beautiful groves in which the son of Nanda (i.e. Sri Krishna) always plays. Your bank shines brightly with the pollens (i.e. blossoms) of Mallika and Kadamba flowers. You take them across the ocean of the worldly existence who take bath in your water. O Kalinda Nandini (daughter of the Kalinda Mountain), please wash away the impurities from my mind, always.
+sadaiva nandinandakeliśālikuñjamañjulā, taṭotthaphullamallikākadambareṇusūjjvalā ।
+jalāvagāhināṁ nr̥ṇāṁ bhavābdhisindhupāradā, dhunotu no manomalaṁ kalindanandinī sadā ॥8</blockquote>Meaning: Your bank abounds in beautiful groves in which the son of Nanda (i.e. Sri Krishna) always plays. Your bank shines brightly with the pollens (i.e. blossoms) of Mallika and Kadamba flowers. You take them across the ocean of the worldly existence who take bath in your water. O Kalinda Nandini (daughter of the Kalinda Mountain), please wash away the impurities from my mind, always.
<blockquote>इति श्रीमत्परमहंसपरिव्राजकाचार्यस्य श्रीगोविन्दभगवत्पूज्यपादशिष्यस्य श्रीमच्छंकरभगवतः कृतौ यमुनाष्टकं सम्पूर्णम् ॥
<blockquote>इति श्रीमत्परमहंसपरिव्राजकाचार्यस्य श्रीगोविन्दभगवत्पूज्यपादशिष्यस्य श्रीमच्छंकरभगवतः कृतौ यमुनाष्टकं सम्पूर्णम् ॥
−iti śrīmatparamahaṁsaparivrājakācāryasya śrīgovindabhagavatpūjyapādaśiṣyasya śrīmacchaṁkarabhagavataḥ kr̥tau yamunāṣṭakaṁ sampūrṇam ॥</blockquote>*** *** ***
+iti śrīmatparamahaṁsaparivrājakācāryasya śrīgovindabhagavatpūjyapādaśiṣyasya śrīmacchaṁkarabhagavataḥ kr̥tau yamunāṣṭakaṁ sampūrṇam ॥</blockquote>
−=== यमुनाष्टकम् [https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_devii/yamunaa82.html] ॥ Yamunāṣṭakam ===
+<blockquote>
कृपापारावारां तपनतनयां तापशमनीं, मुरारिप्रेयस्यां भवभयदवां भक्तिवरदाम् ।
कृपापारावारां तपनतनयां तापशमनीं, मुरारिप्रेयस्यां भवभयदवां भक्तिवरदाम् ।
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viyajjvālonmuktāṁ śriyamapi sukhāpteḥ paridinaṁ, sadā dhīro nūnaṁ bhajati yamunāṁ nityaphaladām ॥1
viyajjvālonmuktāṁ śriyamapi sukhāpteḥ paridinaṁ, sadā dhīro nūnaṁ bhajati yamunāṁ nityaphaladām ॥1
−jaya yamune jaya bhītinivāriṇi saṁkaṭanāśini pāvaya mām ॥2
jaya yamune jaya bhītinivāriṇi saṁkaṭanāśini pāvaya mām ॥2
−अयि मधुरे मधुमोदविलासिनि शैलविदारिणि वेगपरे
अयि मधुरे मधुमोदविलासिनि शैलविदारिणि वेगपरे
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jaya yamune jaya bhītinivāriṇi saṁkaṭanāśini pāvaya mām ॥3
jaya yamune jaya bhītinivāriṇi saṁkaṭanāśini pāvaya mām ॥3
−अतिविपदम्बुधिमग्नजनं भवतापशताकुलमानसकं
अतिविपदम्बुधिमग्नजनं भवतापशताकुलमानसकं
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jaya yamune jaya bhītinivāriṇi saṁkaṭanāśini pāvaya mām ॥4
jaya yamune jaya bhītinivāriṇi saṁkaṭanāśini pāvaya mām ॥4
−नवजलदद्युतिकोटिलसत्तनुहेमभयाभररञ्जितके
नवजलदद्युतिकोटिलसत्तनुहेमभयाभररञ्जितके
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jaya yamune jaya bhītinivāriṇi saṁkaṭanāśini pāvaya mām ॥5
jaya yamune jaya bhītinivāriṇi saṁkaṭanāśini pāvaya mām ॥5
−शुभपुलिने मधुमत्तयदूद्भवरासमहोत्सवकेलिभरे
शुभपुलिने मधुमत्तयदूद्भवरासमहोत्सवकेलिभरे
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jaya yamune jaya bhītinivāriṇi saṁkaṭanāśini pāvaya mām ॥6
jaya yamune jaya bhītinivāriṇi saṁkaṭanāśini pāvaya mām ॥6
−करिवरमौक्तिकनासिकभूषणवातचमत्कृतचञ्चलके
करिवरमौक्तिकनासिकभूषणवातचमत्कृतचञ्चलके
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jaya yamune jaya bhītinivāriṇi saṁkaṭanāśini pāvaya mām ॥7
jaya yamune jaya bhītinivāriṇi saṁkaṭanāśini pāvaya mām ॥7
−कलरवनूपुरहेममयाचितपादसरोरुहसारुणिके
कलरवनूपुरहेममयाचितपादसरोरुहसारुणिके
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jaya yamune jaya bhītinivāriṇi saṁkaṭanāśini pāvaya mām ॥8
jaya yamune jaya bhītinivāriṇi saṁkaṭanāśini pāvaya mām ॥8
−भवोत्तापाम्भोधौ निपतितजनो दुर्गतियुतो, यदि स्तौति प्रातः प्रतिदिनमन्याश्रयतया ।
भवोत्तापाम्भोधौ निपतितजनो दुर्गतियुतो, यदि स्तौति प्रातः प्रतिदिनमन्याश्रयतया ।
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hayāhreṣaiḥ kāmaṁ karakusumapuñjai ravisutāṁ, sadā bhoktā bhogānmaraṇasamaye yāti haritām ॥9
hayāhreṣaiḥ kāmaṁ karakusumapuñjai ravisutāṁ, sadā bhoktā bhogānmaraṇasamaye yāti haritām ॥9
−इति श्रीमत्परमहंसपरिव्राजकाचार्यस्य श्रीगोविन्दभगवत्पूज्यपादशिष्यस्य श्रीमच्छंकरभगवतः कृतौ यमुनाष्टकं सम्पूर्णम् ॥
इति श्रीमत्परमहंसपरिव्राजकाचार्यस्य श्रीगोविन्दभगवत्पूज्यपादशिष्यस्य श्रीमच्छंकरभगवतः कृतौ यमुनाष्टकं सम्पूर्णम् ॥
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==मूर्तिविवरणम् ॥ Iconography==
==मूर्तिविवरणम् ॥ Iconography==
[[File:Udayagiri.jpg|alt=Photo Courtesy: Mousumi Deka (January 2024), Representations of River Goddesses in Indian Art with special reference to the Temple Art of Assam, ShodhKosh.|thumb|River Goddesses Ganga-Yamuna at Udayagiri Cave (Photo Courtesy: Mousumi Deka (January 2024), Representations of River Goddesses in Indian Art with special reference to the Temple Art of Assam, ShodhKosh)]]
[[File:Udayagiri.jpg|alt=Photo Courtesy: Mousumi Deka (January 2024), Representations of River Goddesses in Indian Art with special reference to the Temple Art of Assam, ShodhKosh.|thumb|River Goddesses Ganga-Yamuna at Udayagiri Cave (Photo Courtesy: Mousumi Deka (January 2024), Representations of River Goddesses in Indian Art with special reference to the Temple Art of Assam, ShodhKosh)]]
−Iconographic works describe Yamuna as black in colour, standing upon a black tortoise (Krishna kacchapa) and wearing a garland of blue lotuses. She has two arms, the hands showing the Varada and the Abhaya mudras (gestures of boon-giving and protection). She also carries a water pot in her hand, according to the Agni Purana:<blockquote>कूर्म्मगा यमुना कुम्भकरा श्यामा च पूज्यते ।
+Iconographic works describe Yamuna as black in colour, standing upon a black tortoise (Krishna kacchapa) and wearing a garland of blue lotuses. She has two arms, the hands showing the Varada and the Abhaya mudras (gestures of boon-giving and protection). She also carries a water pot in her hand, according to the Agni Purana:<blockquote>कूर्म्मगा यमुना कुम्भकरा श्यामा च पूज्यते ।
सवीणस्तुम्बुरुः शुक्लः शूली मात्रग्रतो वृषे ॥ (Agni Purana 50.17)<ref>Nag Sharan Singh (2019), The Agni Mahapuranam, Delhi: Nag Publishers.</ref>
सवीणस्तुम्बुरुः शुक्लः शूली मात्रग्रतो वृषे ॥ (Agni Purana 50.17)<ref>Nag Sharan Singh (2019), The Agni Mahapuranam, Delhi: Nag Publishers.</ref>
−kūrmmagā yamunā kumbhakarā śyāmā ca pūjyate । savīṇastumburuḥ śuklaḥ śūlī mātragrato vr̥ṣe ॥</blockquote>The images of Yamuna are associated with Varuna (the Lord of water), whose iconography is described in the Vishnudharmottara Purana. The images of Ganga and Yamuna are placed in the right and left side of the image of Varuna respectively. The image of Ganga should be placed on a crocodile and should hold chaamara i.e., bushy tail of yak. The image of Yamuna should be placed on a tortoise and also have chaamara in her hand.[[File:Ladkhan.jpg|alt=Photo Courtesy: Myneni Krishna Kumari (2018), Iconography of Ganga and Yamuna, India: B R Publishing Corporation.|thumb|Yamuna with female attendants and Vidyadharas, Lad Khan temple (Photo Courtesy: Myneni Krishna Kumari (2018), Iconography of Ganga and Yamuna, India: B R Publishing Corporation)]][[File:National Museum.jpg|alt=Photo Courtesy: Myneni Krishna Kumari (2018), Iconography of Ganga and Yamuna, India: B R Publishing Corporation.|thumb|Yamuna from Ahichchatra, National Museum (Terracotta) - (Photo Courtesy: Myneni Krishna Kumari (2018), Iconography of Ganga and Yamuna, India: B R Publishing Corporation)|left|571x571px]]In Hinduism, the river Ganga and Yamuna are personified as female deities and the rivers as well as their icons are worshipped as one with the belief that they will purify the devotees by their mystic powers while one enters into the temples in this earthly world or the soul after death in the other world. The rich artistic tradition of positioning the figures of the river Goddesses at the entrance of the temples followed from the Gupta period onwards and this is fully explored through the sculptures found intact with the temples (like Udayagiri caves near Bhuvaneshwar in Orissa etc) and those preserved in the museum (like Patna Museum, Bihar etc). The changing roles of the river Goddesses, their association with the dvarapalas (door guardians) and the historical and regional influences in the development of their iconography is the narrative content of the relief sculptures.<ref>Myneni Krishna Kumari (2018), Iconography of Ganga and Yamuna, India: B R Publishing Corporation.</ref> According to the Archaeological Survey of India [https://asi.nic.in/pages/WorldHeritageElloraCaves], Ellora caves, locally known as ‘Verul Leni’ is located on the Aurangabad-Chalisgaon road at a distance of 30 km north-northwest of Aurangabad, the district headquarters. Ellora represents one of the largest rock-hewn monastic-temple complexes in the entire world. It is also world famous for the largest single monolithic excavation in the world, the great Kailasa (Cave 16).
+kūrmmagā yamunā kumbhakarā śyāmā ca pūjyate ।
−The basaltic formation of the Deccan is ideal for rock hewing, the technique widely understood during ancient times. This induced the religious followers of various creeds to establish their settlements in them. The caves are datable from circa 6th – 7th century A.D. to 11th – 12th century A.D. In total, there are nearly 100 caves in the hill range out of which 34 caves are famous and visited by many tourists, out of which Caves 1 to 12 are Buddhist; Caves 13 to 29 are Brahmanical and Caves 30 to 34 are Jaina caves.[[File:Yamunaji.jpg|alt=Photo Courtesy: Prakriti Anand (August 2024), Yamuna: The Second Divine River, An Unparalleled Goddess, Delhi: Exotic India.|thumb|Shri Yamunaji (Photo Courtesy: Prakriti Anand (August 2024), Yamuna: The Second Divine River, An Unparalleled Goddess, Delhi: Exotic India)|381x381px]]At Ellora cave no. 16 which is known as Kailasa cave, one shrine is dedicated to the river Goddesses Ganga, Yamuna and Sarasvati who stand on makara, tortoise and lotus respectively. Ganga stands for Purity, Yamuna for Devotion and Sarasvati for Knowledge. The Ellora cave no. 21 known as Ramesvara depicts beautiful sculptures of Ganga and Yamuna on their respective vehicles. Cave no 33 at Ellora is dedicated to Jainism, also displays the sculptural figures of Ganga and Yamuna.<ref>Mousumi Deka (January 2024), Representations of River Goddesses in Indian Art with special reference to the Temple Art of Assam, ShodhKosh.</ref>
+savīṇastumburuḥ śuklaḥ śūlī mātragrato vr̥ṣe ॥</blockquote>The images of Yamuna are associated with Varuna (the Lord of water), whose iconography is described in the Vishnudharmottara Purana. The images of Ganga and Yamuna are placed in the right and left side of the image of Varuna respectively. The image of Ganga should be placed on a crocodile and should hold chaamara i.e., bushy tail of yak. The image of Yamuna should be placed on a tortoise and also have chaamara in her hand.[[File:Ladkhan.jpg|alt=Photo Courtesy: Myneni Krishna Kumari (2018), Iconography of Ganga and Yamuna, India: B R Publishing Corporation.|thumb|Yamuna with female attendants and Vidyadharas, Lad Khan temple (Photo Courtesy: Myneni Krishna Kumari (2018), Iconography of Ganga and Yamuna, India: B R Publishing Corporation)]][[File:National Museum.jpg|alt=Photo Courtesy: Myneni Krishna Kumari (2018), Iconography of Ganga and Yamuna, India: B R Publishing Corporation.|thumb|Yamuna from Ahichchatra, National Museum (Terracotta) - (Photo Courtesy: Myneni Krishna Kumari (2018), Iconography of Ganga and Yamuna, India: B R Publishing Corporation)|left|571x571px]]In Hinduism, the river Ganga and Yamuna are personified as female deities and the rivers as well as their icons are worshipped as one with the belief that they will purify the devotees by their mystic powers while one enters into the temples in this earthly world or the soul after death in the other world. The rich artistic tradition of positioning the figures of the river Goddesses at the entrance of the temples followed from the Gupta period onwards and this is fully explored through the sculptures found intact with the temples (like Udayagiri caves near Bhuvaneshwar in Orissa etc) and those preserved in the museum (like Patna Museum, Bihar etc). The changing roles of the river Goddesses, their association with the dvarapalas (door guardians) and the historical and regional influences in the development of their iconography is the narrative content of the relief sculptures.<ref>Myneni Krishna Kumari (2018), Iconography of Ganga and Yamuna, India: B R Publishing Corporation.</ref> According to the Archaeological Survey of India [https://asi.nic.in/pages/WorldHeritageElloraCaves], Ellora caves, locally known as ‘Verul Leni’ is located on the Aurangabad-Chalisgaon road at a distance of 30 km north-northwest of Aurangabad, the district headquarters. Ellora represents one of the largest rock-hewn monastic-temple complexes in the entire world. It is also world famous for the largest single monolithic excavation in the world, the great Kailasa (Cave 16). The basaltic formation of the Deccan is ideal for rock hewing, the technique widely understood during ancient times. This induced the religious followers of various creeds to establish their settlements in them. The caves are datable from circa 6th – 7th century A.D. to 11th – 12th century A.D. In total, there are nearly 100 caves in the hill range out of which 34 caves are famous and visited by many tourists, out of which Caves 1 to 12 are Buddhist; Caves 13 to 29 are Brahmanical and Caves 30 to 34 are Jaina caves.[[File:Yamunaji.jpg|alt=Photo Courtesy: Prakriti Anand (August 2024), Yamuna: The Second Divine River, An Unparalleled Goddess, Delhi: Exotic India.|thumb|Shri Yamunaji (Photo Courtesy: Prakriti Anand (August 2024), Yamuna: The Second Divine River, An Unparalleled Goddess, Delhi: Exotic India)|381x381px]]At Ellora cave no. 16 which is known as Kailasa cave, one shrine is dedicated to the river Goddesses Ganga, Yamuna and Sarasvati who stand on makara, tortoise and lotus respectively. Ganga stands for Purity, Yamuna for Devotion and Sarasvati for Knowledge. The Ellora cave no. 21 known as Ramesvara depicts beautiful sculptures of Ganga and Yamuna on their respective vehicles. Cave no 33 at Ellora is dedicated to Jainism, also displays the sculptural figures of Ganga and Yamuna.<ref>Mousumi Deka (January 2024), Representations of River Goddesses in Indian Art with special reference to the Temple Art of Assam, ShodhKosh.</ref>
In later depictions, especially in Rajput paintings that were inspired by devotional poetry and Puranas, Yamuna is shown as a mirror of Krishna’s beauty, blue-skinned and wearing ornaments and garments similar to Sri Hari, who is the river Goddess’ beloved Lord.<ref name=":3" />
In later depictions, especially in Rajput paintings that were inspired by devotional poetry and Puranas, Yamuna is shown as a mirror of Krishna’s beauty, blue-skinned and wearing ornaments and garments similar to Sri Hari, who is the river Goddess’ beloved Lord.<ref name=":3" />