4,730
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
→Tax on Profit and not on Capital: Editing and adding references and transliterations
Line 25:
Line 25:
The king should not realize duties from the seller, when he receives less than or just equal to the cost. The king should realize from the minerals after the expenses have been considered (i.e after payment of extraction, production, etc. expenses)(Shukraniti 4.2.115 ?).+
+
+
+
+
The Shukraniti states that tax should not be charged on capital. It deters the ruler from taxing sellers who get value less than or equal to the value of the product. It emphasizes that tax should be charged after determining the profits of the businessman.<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>शुल्कं मूल्याविरोधकम् । न हीनसममूल्याद्धि शुल्कं विक्रेतृतो हरेत् ।।१०७।। लाभं दृष्ट्वा हरेच्छुल्कं क्रेतृतश्च सदा नृपः ।...।।१०८।।<ref name=":5" />
The Shukraniti states that tax should not be charged on capital. It deters the ruler from taxing sellers who get value less than or equal to the value of the product. It emphasizes that tax should be charged after determining the profits of the businessman.<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>शुल्कं मूल्याविरोधकम् । न हीनसममूल्याद्धि शुल्कं विक्रेतृतो हरेत् ।।१०७।। लाभं दृष्ट्वा हरेच्छुल्कं क्रेतृतश्च सदा नृपः ।...।।१०८।।<ref name=":5" />
−śulkaṁ mūlyāvirodhakam । na hīnasamamūlyāddhi śulkaṁ vikretr̥to haret ।।107।। lābhaṁ dr̥ṣṭvā harecchulkaṁ kretr̥taśca sadā nr̥paḥ ।...।।108।।</blockquote>The king should realize from peasants (Shukraniti 4.2.116 ?), etc. after noticing the amount of profits and decide whether to take 1/3, 1/5, 1/7, 1/10 amount as tax. Before charging tax, expenses incurred on a product should be determined.
+śulkaṁ mūlyāvirodhakam । na hīnasamamūlyāddhi śulkaṁ vikretr̥to haret ।।107।। lābhaṁ dr̥ṣṭvā harecchulkaṁ kretr̥taśca sadā nr̥paḥ ।...।।108।।</blockquote>With regards to farmers, the Shukraniti advises the ruler to first measure the agricultural land and classify its producing capacity as high, moderate or low before fixing the tax amount. It specifies that a ruler should tax the farmer in a way that he is not at loss.<blockquote>बहुमध्याल्पफलितां भुवं मानमितां सदा ।।१०८।। ज्ञात्वा पूर्वं भागमिच्छुः पश्चाद्भागं विकल्पयेत् । हरेच्च कर्षकाद्भागं यथा नष्टो भवेन्न सः ।।१०९।।<ref name=":5" />
−bahumadhyālpaphalitāṁ bhuvaṁ mānamitāṁ sadā ।।108।। jñātvā pūrvaṁ bhāgamicchuḥ paścādbhāgaṁ vikalpayet । harecca karṣakādbhāgaṁ yathā naṣṭo bhavenna saḥ ।।109।।</blockquote>Interestingly, Shukraniti mentions that the ruler should charge
+* 1/3rd amount as tax from the field that has a pond or well as its water source
+* 1/4th amount as tax if the field is dependent on rains for its water
+* Half its amount as tax if the field depends on a river for its water
+* 1/6th amount if its a barren or stony land
+<blockquote>तडागवापिकाकूपमातृकाद्देवमातृकात् । देशान्नदीमातृकात्तु राजाऽनुक्रमतः सदा ।।११२।। तृतीयांशं चतुर्थांशमर्धांशं तु हरेत्फलम् । षष्ठांशमूषरात्तद्वत्पाषाणादिसमाकुलात् ।।११३।।<ref name=":5" />
+taḍāgavāpikākūpamātr̥kāddevamātr̥kāt । deśānnadīmātr̥kāttu rājā'nukramataḥ sadā ।।112।। tr̥tīyāṁśaṁ caturthāṁśamardhāṁśaṁ tu haretphalam । ṣaṣṭhāṁśamūṣarāttadvatpāṣāṇādisamākulāt ।।113।।</blockquote>Before charging tax, expenses incurred on a product should be determined.
+The king should realize from the minerals after the expenses have been considered (i.e after payment of extraction, production, etc. expenses)(Shukraniti 4.2.115 ?).
In case of newly cultivated land, digging of canals, wells, etc. tax should not be demanded from people until they receive twice the expenditure (Shukraniti 4.2.120 ?)
In case of newly cultivated land, digging of canals, wells, etc. tax should not be demanded from people until they receive twice the expenditure (Shukraniti 4.2.120 ?)