Changes

Shastra rachanapaddhati (Samskrit : शास्त्ररचनापद्धतिः) means the methodology of composition of shastras. Samskrit literature abounds with hundreds of treatises pertaining to ancient Bharatiya Vijnana shastras of which more than half a dozen books provide us the detailed information outlining the devices or means for composition of a scientific or methodical structure of a shastra. Every Bharatiya shastra, irrespective of its subject matter, has been built using these principles of methodology, of which the teachers, students, and the critics who expounded theoretical works on those subjects, were required to be familiar with.   

Shastra rachanapaddhati (Samskrit : शास्त्ररचनापद्धतिः) means the methodology of construction of scientific and theoretical texts such as shastras and poetics. Samskrit literature abounds with thousands of treatises pertaining to ancient Bharatiya Vijnana shastras of which more than half a dozen books provide us the detailed information outlining the devices or means for composition of a scientific or methodical structure of a shastra. Every Bharatiya shastra, irrespective of its subject matter, has been built using these principles of methodology, of which the teachers, students, and the critics who expounded theoretical works on those subjects, were required to be familiar with.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Mahadevan, Jayaraman (2008) Paper Presentation : ''The Doctrine of Tantrayukti'' at University of Hyderabad, Department of Sanskrit Studies</ref>  

== परिचयः|| Introduction ==

== परिचयः|| Introduction ==

A brief introduction of each of the five given elements of composition and presentation of shastras will be undertaken in this topic.

A brief introduction of each of the five given elements of composition and presentation of shastras will be undertaken in this topic.

===तन्त्रयुक्तिः॥Tantrayukti===

===तन्त्रयुक्तिः॥Tantrayukti===

[[Tantrayukti (तन्त्रयुक्तिः)]], an uncommonly used word, refers to the methodical elements and devices (Yuktis) of Tantra (theory) that are involved into making of a theory, the structural aspects as well as the interpretation. There are about 36 such generally accepted tantrayuktis, though different texts propose a varying numbers of such yuktis ranging between 32 to 41.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Singh, Anuradha (2003) ''Tantra Yukti Method of Theorization in Ayurveda,'' Ancient Science of Life, Vol : XXII(3) January 2003 Pages 64-74</ref> According to Vishnudharmottara purana the following list of 32 Tantrayuktis are given

[[Tantrayukti (तन्त्रयुक्तिः)]], an uncommonly used word, refers to the methodical elements and devices (Yuktis) of Tantra (theory) that are involved into making of a theory, the structural aspects as well as the interpretation. There are about 36 such generally accepted tantrayuktis, though different texts propose a varying numbers of such yuktis ranging between 32 to 41.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Singh, Anuradha (2003) ''Tantra Yukti Method of Theorization in Ayurveda,'' Ancient Science of Life, Vol : XXII(3) January 2003 Pages 64-74</ref> According to Kautilya's Arthashastra the following list of 32 Tantrayuktis are given<ref name=":2" />

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|style=width: 600px; font-style: normal;|* अधिकरणम् ॥ adhikaraṇam

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|style=width: 700px; font-style: normal;|* अधिकरणम् ॥ adhikaraṇam (Topic)

* योगः ॥ yogaḥ

* पदार्थः ॥ padārthaḥ

* योगः ॥ yogaḥ (Employment of sentences)

* हेत्वर्थः ॥ hetvarthaḥ

* पदार्थः ॥ padārthaḥ (Meaning of the word)

* उद्धेशः ॥ uddheśaḥ

* हेत्वर्थः ॥ hetvarthaḥ (Reason)

* निर्देशः ॥ nirdeśaḥ

* उद्धेशः ॥ uddheśaḥ (Mention)

* उपदेशः ॥ upadeśaḥ

* निर्देशः ॥ nirdeśaḥ (Explanation)

* अपदेशः ॥ apadeśaḥ

* उपदेशः ॥ upadeśaḥ (Advice)

* अपदेशः ॥ apadeśaḥ (Reference)

* अतिदेशः ॥ atideśaḥ

* अतिदेशः ॥ atideśaḥ (Application)

* अपवर्गः ॥ apavargaḥ

* प्रदेशः ॥ pradeśaḥ (Indication)

* वाक्यशेषः ॥ vākyaśeṣaḥ

* उपमानम् ॥ upamānam (Analogy)

* अर्थापत्तिः ॥ arthāpattiḥ

* अर्थापत्तिः ॥ arthāpattiḥ (Implication)

* प्रसङ्गः ॥ prasaṅgaḥ

* संशयः ॥ saṁśayaḥ (Doubt)

* एकान्तः ॥ ekāntaḥ

* प्रसङ्गः ॥ prasaṅgaḥ (Situation)

* अनैकान्तः ॥ anaikāntaḥ

* विपर्ययः ॥ viparyayaḥ (Contrary)

* पूर्वपक्षः ॥ pūrvapakṣaḥ

* वाक्यशेषः ॥ vākyaśeṣaḥ (Completion of a sentence)

* निर्णयः ॥ nirṇayaḥ

* अनुमतम् ॥ anumatam (Agreement)

* विधानम् ॥ vidhānam

* व्याख्यानम् ॥ vyākhyānam (Emphasis)

* विपर्ययः ॥ viparyayaḥ

* निर्वचनम् ॥ nirvacanam (Derivation)

* अतिक्रान्तावेक्षणम् ॥ atikrāntāvekṣaṇam

* निदर्शनम् ॥ nidarśanam (Illustration)

* अनागतावेक्षणम् ॥ anāgatāvekṣaṇam

* अपवर्गः ॥ apavargaḥ (Exception)

* संशयः ॥ saṁśayaḥ

* स्वसंज्ञा ॥ svasaṁjñā (Technical term)

* अतिव्याख्यानम् ॥ ativyākhyānam

* पूर्वपक्षः ॥ pūrvapakṣaḥ (prima facie view)

* अनुमतम् ॥ anumatam

* उत्तरपक्षः ॥ uttarapakṣaḥ (Correct view)

* स्वसंज्ञा ॥ svasaṁjñā

* एकान्तः ॥ ekāntaḥ (Invariable rule)

* निर्वचनम् ॥ nirvacanam

* अनागतावेक्षणम् ॥ anāgatāvekṣaṇam (Reference to a future statement)

* दृष्टान्तः ॥ dr̥ṣṭāntaḥ

* अतिक्रान्तावेक्षणम् ॥ atikrāntāvekṣaṇam (Reference to a past statement)

* नियोगः ॥ niyogaḥ

* नियोगः ॥ niyogaḥ (Restriction)

* विकल्पः ॥ vikalpaḥ

* विकल्पः ॥ vikalpaḥ (Option)

* समुच्चयः ॥ samuccayaḥ

* समुच्चयः ॥ samuccayaḥ (Combination)

* ऊह्यम् ॥ ūhyam}}Again a word of wide import, Tantra used as a synonym for Shastra (in this context means theory) is that which holds the various aspects of a subject, into which are interwoven different thoughts, objectives, observations and proposals covering the vast expanse of the subject.

* ऊह्यम् ॥ ūhyam (What is understood)}}Again a word of wide import, Tantra is used synonymously with Ayurveda, a branch of Veda, education, aphorism, knowledge, shastra and definition. Tantra is referred as a synonym for Shastra in the present context means a 'theory' is which holds the various aspects of a subject, into which are interwoven different thoughts, objectives, observations and proposals covering the vast expanse of the subject. Thus it means a device or a method to systematically compose a text (or a shastra) to convey the intended ideas clearly.<ref name=":2" />

While almost all the above mentioned texts discussed tantrayukti, Arunadatta, the commentator of Vagbhata's Ashtangahrdayam, has dealt with explanation for a large number of devices other than the tantrayuktis.  

While almost all the above mentioned texts discussed tantrayukti, Arunadatta, the commentator of Vagbhata's Ashtangahrdayam, has dealt with explanation for a large number of devices other than the tantrayuktis.