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To understand the vaidika dharma, knowledge of Nyaya is extremely important. Manu, the first law giver, explains that the principles of Dharma can be understood by systematic reasoning of Shrutis (श्रुत्यनुगामी तर्क). Nyaya throws light on all subjects, explains all karmas and thus is the foundation for all dharmas. Due to the wide ranging applicability of its principles, Nyaya is universally popular.<ref>Pt. Baldev Upadhyaya (1966) ''[https://archive.org/details/BharatiyaDarsanaSaraBaldevUpadhyaya/page/n201 Bharatiya Darshana]''. Varanasi : Sharada Mandir </ref>
To understand the vaidika dharma, knowledge of Nyaya is extremely important. Manu, the first law giver, explains that the principles of Dharma can be understood by systematic reasoning of Shrutis (श्रुत्यनुगामी तर्क). Nyaya throws light on all subjects, explains all karmas and thus is the foundation for all dharmas. Due to the wide ranging applicability of its principles, Nyaya is universally popular.<ref>Pt. Baldev Upadhyaya (1966) ''[https://archive.org/details/BharatiyaDarsanaSaraBaldevUpadhyaya/page/n201 Bharatiya Darshana]''. Varanasi : Sharada Mandir </ref>
== Founder - Maharshi Gautama ==
== Founder - Maharshi Gautama ==
Maharshi Gotama (गोतमः), also known as Gautama and Akshapada, was the founder of the Nyaya system of philosophy. Nyaya Sutra (न्यायसूत्राणि) by Gautama is the first work on Nyaya Darsana and is composed of five adhyayas and each adhyaya is divided into two Ahnikas (आह्निकः).
Maharshi Gotama (गोतमः), also known as Gautama and Akshapada, was the founder of the Nyaya system of philosophy. Nyaya Sutra (न्यायसूत्राणि) by Gautama is the first work on Nyaya Darsana and is composed of five adhyayas and each adhyaya is divided into two Ahnikas (आह्निकः). It contains references to the Samkhya, Yoga, Vaiseshika, Mimamsa, Vedanta and Buddhist systems of philosophy. It is clear from the early commentaries on the Nyaya-sutras that the author of the sutras was distinctly named as Akshapada. Both the Bhashyakara, Vatsyayana and Vartikakara, Udyotakara, affirm that Akshapada gave the Nyaya philosophy in a systematic way. Padmapurana, Skanda purana etc., mention that Nyaya shastra was expounded by Gotama or Gautama.
== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
== न्यायशास्त्रवाङ्मयम् ॥ Nyaya Literature ==
== न्यायशास्त्रवाङ्मयम् ॥ Nyaya Literature ==
Nyayasutra (न्यायसूत्रम्) by Maharshi Akshapada Gautama is the primary text of the Nyaya Darshana. As many as 12 bhashyas (commentaries) have been written on these sutras by various scholars of Nyaya shastra. The bhashyas and the bhashyakaras of the Nyayasutra are enumerated below.<ref>Satis Chandra Vidyabhusana (1921), [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489008/page/n1 A History of Indian Logic], Calcutta University.</ref>
Nyayasutra (न्यायसूत्रम्) by Maharshi Akshapada Gautama is the primary text of the Nyaya Darshana. As many as 12 bhashyas (commentaries) have been written on these sutras by various scholars of Nyaya shastra. The bhashyas and the bhashyakaras of the Nyayasutra are enumerated below.<ref name=":2">Satis Chandra Vidyabhusana (1921), [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489008/page/n1 A History of Indian Logic], Calcutta University.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Bhashya (भाष्यम् । Commentary)
!Bhashya (भाष्यम् । Commentary)
== Nyaya Siddhantam - Core Concepts ==
== Nyaya Siddhantam - Core Concepts ==
The dialogues and discourses which were the characteristic features of the Upanisadic period naturally resulted, in course of time, in the formulation of definite methods of debating and forms of reasoning; and these gave rise to a science, which was originally called [[Anvikshiki (आन्वीक्षिकी)|Anvikshiki]], the science of inquiry , then Tarkavidya, the science of debating; or Hetu-vidya, the science of reasoning; and ultimately, Nyaya-shastra, the science of logic.<ref name=":2" /> Thus Nyaya is chiefly concerned with the means to attain true knowledge of reality (metaphysics) and theories of knowledge.
=== Salient Features of Nyaya Siddhanta ===
=== Salient Features of Nyaya Siddhanta ===
* '''Matter, time and space''' are all recognized as independent entities.
* '''Matter, time and space''' are all recognized as independent entities.
* '''Knowledge is Objective''' - As an upholder of realism, Nyaya philosophy expresses that knowledge always deals with an object.
* '''Knowledge is Objective''' - As an upholder of realism, Nyaya philosophy expresses that knowledge always deals with an object.
* '''Means of Knowledge''' - There are four means of knowledge namely, direct knowledge (pratyaksha, in the sense of sense-cognition, inference (anumana), knowledge by similarity (upamana) and verbal testimony (shabda).
*
*
* '''Causation Theory is Asatkaryavada''' - Nyāya theory of causation is known as ‘asatkaryavada’ or ‘ārmbhavāda’. They viewed that effect is a new product produced/created by a cause but the effect and the cause are not one and the same. The effect is a new product and is not present earlier in the cause (i.e., cause is not transformed to effect). Again, both cause and effect are real.
* '''Causation Theory is Asatkaryavada''' - Nyāya theory of causation is known as ‘asatkaryavada’ or ‘ārmbhavāda’. They viewed that effect is a new product produced/created by a cause but the effect and the cause are not one and the same. The effect is a new product and is not present earlier in the cause (i.e., cause is not transformed to effect). Again, both cause and effect are real.