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}}Samaveda (Samskrit:सामवेदः) is the third of the [[The Four Vedas (चतुर्वेदाः)|Four Vedas]], and is the third of Vedatrayi. Samaveda is made up of mantras called as "Saman" or "Sama" meaning lyrical mantra. The union of Rik mantras and Swara alone is Sama. Hence the text of the Sama Veda is a reduced version of the [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rigveda]]. It is mandatory for Sama to be lyrical and its secret is in its musical annotation and rendering.
Samaveda (Samskrit:सामवेदः) is the third of the [[The Four Vedas (चतुर्वेदाः)|Four Vedas]], and is the third of Vedatrayi. Samaveda is made up of mantras called as "Saman" or "Sama" meaning lyrical mantra. The union of Rik mantras and Swara alone is Sama. Hence the text of the Sama Veda is a reduced version of the [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rigveda]]. It is mandatory for Sama to be lyrical and its secret is in its musical annotation and rendering.
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
==== Samaveda Dhyan Shlok ====
==== Samaveda Dhyan Shlok ====
नीलोत्पलदलाभासः सामवेदो हायाननः । अक्षमालान्वितो दक्षे वामे कम्बु धारः स्मृतः॥ <ref>Shukla Yajurveda Madhyandhineya Samhita. Varanasi: Choukhambha Orientalia </ref>
नीलोत्पलदलाभासः सामवेदो हायाननः । अक्षमालान्वितो दक्षे वामे कम्बु धारः स्मृतः॥ <ref>Shukla Yajurveda Madhyandhineya Samhita. Varanasi: Choukhambha Orientalia </ref>
He (Samaveda deity) bears a shade of blue lotus petal and has a face of a horse. In the right is a garland of beads and the left hand bears an axe.
== Meaning of Saman ==
== Meaning of Saman ==
=== Number of Mantras ===
=== Number of Mantras ===
Total number of mantras in Purvarchika (640) and Uttararchika (1225) put together are 1875. Of these 1771 mantras are from Rigveda, thus Samaveda is said to have only 104 mantras that are unique to it. Most of the mantras in the Samaveda taken from the Rigveda are from mandalas 8 and 9. Apart from them, 237 mantras are taken from the first mandala and 110 mantras from the tenth mandala.<ref name=":0" />
Total number of mantras in Purvarchika (640) and Uttararchika (1225) put together are 1875. Of these 1771 mantras are from Rigveda, thus Samaveda is said to have only 104 mantras that are unique to it. Most of the mantras in the Samaveda taken from the Rigveda are from mandalas 8 and 9. Apart from them, 237 mantras are taken from the first mandala and 110 mantras from the tenth mandala.<ref name=":0" />
=== Types of Samagana ===
The texts of Samagana have been composed on the basis of Purvarchika mantras. Gana is of four types.
# ग्रामगान (Gramagaana)
# आरण्यगान (Aranyagaana)
# ऊहगान (Uhagaana)
# ऊह्यगान (Uhyagaana) (Mystery song).
Among these, Grama and Aranyagaana are Prakritik gaana, and Uha and Uhya are called vikritik gaana.
# '''Gramagana''' – It is based on the mantras of Agneya, Aindra and Pavman Kand of Purvarchik. It was sung in villages or public places. Hence it is also called 'Gramageyagan', 'Prakritigaan' and 'Veyagan'.
# '''Aranyagana''' - It is based on the mantras of Purvarchik's Aranya kand. It was sung only in forests or holy places. Hence it is also called 'Aranyakageyagan', 'Rahasyagan'.
# '''Uhaagana''' - 'Uha' means a setting based on the situation. Whenever Sama-Mantras are sung on any special occasion by changing it according to the occasion, it is called Uhaagan. It is dependent on the mantras of Agneya etc. Kandas of Purvarchika. Uhgaan is considered a vikriti. The nature or basis of Uha is the Gramagaana. That is, Uhagaan is created by taking the help of swararaga etc. used in Gramagaana. It was used only during Somayaga and special dharmic occasions.
# '''Uhyagaana''' - Like uhagaana, uhyagaana is also considered a vikriti song because it is not original. The nature or basis of Uhya is Aranyagaana. That is, Uhyagana has been composed on the basis of Swararagadi of Aranyagana. Due to being mysterious like Aranyagana, it is also called 'Rahasyagan'. Therefore, singing it in front of the general public is considered prohibited.
=== SaamaVikara (Alteration in Saamagana) ===
In order to give the mantras of Purvarchika of Samveda the form of a song, some letters are added or reduced in them. This verbal change to suit the song in the Richa is called 'Samvikar'. These are of 6 types:<ref name=":1" />
# विकार । Disorder
# विश्लेषण । Analysis
# विकर्षण । Extrapolation
# अभ्यास । Practice
# विराम । Break
# स्तोभ । Stobha
'''Vikara''' - Pronouncing an altered word in place of the words in the mantra by making some changes from the point of view of singing is called 'Vikara'. Like pronouncing 'Ognayi' instead of 'Agne'.
'''Vishleshana''' - Dividing a mantra pada (parts of mantra) into two or more parts as per situational requirement is called 'Vishleshana'. Like pronouncing 'wo yi - toya 2 yi' instead of 'veetaye'.
'''Vikarshana''' - Pronunciation of long svara (2 = long) in place of Hrasva svara (1 = Hrasva) used in the mantra and pronouncing Pluta svara (3 = Plut) in place of Deergha svara is called 'Vikarshan'. For example, pronouncing 'ye' as 'ya 2 3 yi' i.e. reciting the long and longer svaras by stretching till the point.
== Samaveda as an Independent Veda ==
== Samaveda as an Independent Veda ==