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{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Upanishads (उपनिषदः)|Upanishads]]
!Devanagari
|Singular - उपनिषद्
|Plural - उपनिषदः
|-
!English Transliteration
|Singular - upaniṣad
|Plural - upaniṣadaḥ
|-
!Indian Languages (if applicable)
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Definition/Description
|The term Upaniṣad term consists of उप (upa) and नि (ni) उपसर्ग-s (Upasargas or Prefixes) and सद् धातुः (Sad dhatu) used in the sense of विशरणगत्यवसादनेषु ।<ref name=":4">Upadhyaya, Baldev. (1958) ''[https://archive.org/stream/VaidikSahityaBaldevUpadhyaya1958/Vaidik%20Sahitya%20Baldev%20Upadhyaya%201958#page/n263/mode/2up Vaidik Sahitya]''.</ref> viśaraṇagatyavasādaneṣu.
Here visharana means to destroy - the seeds of Avidya; gati is used in the sense of knowing or obtaining - [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Brahmavidya%20(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) Brahmavidya]; Avasadanam means to loosen or dissolve - the bondages of samsara.
Alternative definition is to "sit devotedly near the [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Guru%20(%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83) Guru]" to obtain Brahmavidya.<ref name=":4" />
|There are 10-12 mukhya pracheena or important Upanishads and close to 200 known Upanishads. Muktikopanishad lists 108 Upanishads.
# ईशावाश्योपनिषद् ॥ Ishavasya Upanishad (Shukla Yajur Veda)
# केनोपनिषद् ॥ Kena Upanishad (Sama Veda)
# कठोपनिषद् ॥ Katha Upanishad ([https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Yajurveda%20(%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83) Yajur Veda])
# प्रश्नोपनिषद् ॥ Prashna Upanishad ([https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Atharvaveda%20(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83) Atharva Veda])
# मुण्डकोपनिषद् ॥ Mundaka Upanishad (Atharva Veda)
# माण्डूक्योपनिषद् ॥ Mandukya Upanishad (Atharva Veda)
# तैत्तियोपनिषद् ॥ Taittiriya Upanishad (Yajur Veda)
# ऐतरेयोपनिषद् ॥ Aitareya Upanishad ([https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Rigveda%20(%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83) Rig Veda])
# छान्दोग्योपनिषद्॥ Chhandogya Upanishad ([https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Samaveda%20(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83) Sama Veda])
# बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद् Brhadaranyaka Upanishad (Yajur Veda)
|-
|Upanishadic texts, like the Vedas were passed down verbally from generations. They expound the philosophy of life and after-life, are are one of the Prasthana traya granthas. They are the basis of the six Astika Darshana shastras.
|Central concepts in Upanishads
[https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Brahman%20(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D) Brahman], [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Atman%20(%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D) Atman], Prakrti, [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Purusha%20(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83) Purusha], [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Maya%20(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) Maya]/Avidya, [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Jiva%20(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%83) Jiva], Sarga/Creation, Jnana, [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Manas%20(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83) Manas], [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Chitta%20(%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D) Chitta], [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Karma%20(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE) Karma], [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Moksha%20(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83) Moksha]
|-
!Examples of Usage
| colspan="2" |साङ्गोपाङ्गोपनिषदः सरहस्यः प्रदीयताम् (''sāṅgopāṅgopaniṣadaḥ sarahasyaḥ pradīyatām'') Rāmayana.1.55.16.
|-
!Textual Sources/References
|
|
|-
!Common misinterpretations/mistranslations
| colspan="2" |Many Western translators have mistranslated the term Upanishads as having a sense of secrecy.
- secret doctrine (Max Muller and Paul Deussen)
- mystic meaning (Robert Hume)
- hidden connections (Patrick Olivelle)
Upanishads lack systematic philosophy and a central theme - Max Muller
Chronology of Upanishads is a highly debatable topic
|}
== References ==
[[Category:Glossary of Sanatana Samskrit Terms (सनातन संस्कृतपददीपिका)]]
|+[[Upanishads (उपनिषदः)|Upanishads]]
!Devanagari
|Singular - उपनिषद्
|Plural - उपनिषदः
|-
!English Transliteration
|Singular - upaniṣad
|Plural - upaniṣadaḥ
|-
!Indian Languages (if applicable)
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Definition/Description
|The term Upaniṣad term consists of उप (upa) and नि (ni) उपसर्ग-s (Upasargas or Prefixes) and सद् धातुः (Sad dhatu) used in the sense of विशरणगत्यवसादनेषु ।<ref name=":4">Upadhyaya, Baldev. (1958) ''[https://archive.org/stream/VaidikSahityaBaldevUpadhyaya1958/Vaidik%20Sahitya%20Baldev%20Upadhyaya%201958#page/n263/mode/2up Vaidik Sahitya]''.</ref> viśaraṇagatyavasādaneṣu.
Here visharana means to destroy - the seeds of Avidya; gati is used in the sense of knowing or obtaining - [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Brahmavidya%20(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) Brahmavidya]; Avasadanam means to loosen or dissolve - the bondages of samsara.
Alternative definition is to "sit devotedly near the [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Guru%20(%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83) Guru]" to obtain Brahmavidya.<ref name=":4" />
|There are 10-12 mukhya pracheena or important Upanishads and close to 200 known Upanishads. Muktikopanishad lists 108 Upanishads.
# ईशावाश्योपनिषद् ॥ Ishavasya Upanishad (Shukla Yajur Veda)
# केनोपनिषद् ॥ Kena Upanishad (Sama Veda)
# कठोपनिषद् ॥ Katha Upanishad ([https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Yajurveda%20(%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83) Yajur Veda])
# प्रश्नोपनिषद् ॥ Prashna Upanishad ([https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Atharvaveda%20(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83) Atharva Veda])
# मुण्डकोपनिषद् ॥ Mundaka Upanishad (Atharva Veda)
# माण्डूक्योपनिषद् ॥ Mandukya Upanishad (Atharva Veda)
# तैत्तियोपनिषद् ॥ Taittiriya Upanishad (Yajur Veda)
# ऐतरेयोपनिषद् ॥ Aitareya Upanishad ([https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Rigveda%20(%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83) Rig Veda])
# छान्दोग्योपनिषद्॥ Chhandogya Upanishad ([https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Samaveda%20(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83) Sama Veda])
# बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद् Brhadaranyaka Upanishad (Yajur Veda)
|-
|Upanishadic texts, like the Vedas were passed down verbally from generations. They expound the philosophy of life and after-life, are are one of the Prasthana traya granthas. They are the basis of the six Astika Darshana shastras.
|Central concepts in Upanishads
[https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Brahman%20(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D) Brahman], [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Atman%20(%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D) Atman], Prakrti, [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Purusha%20(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83) Purusha], [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Maya%20(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) Maya]/Avidya, [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Jiva%20(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%83) Jiva], Sarga/Creation, Jnana, [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Manas%20(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83) Manas], [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Chitta%20(%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D) Chitta], [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Karma%20(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE) Karma], [https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Moksha%20(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83) Moksha]
|-
!Examples of Usage
| colspan="2" |साङ्गोपाङ्गोपनिषदः सरहस्यः प्रदीयताम् (''sāṅgopāṅgopaniṣadaḥ sarahasyaḥ pradīyatām'') Rāmayana.1.55.16.
|-
!Textual Sources/References
|
|
|-
!Common misinterpretations/mistranslations
| colspan="2" |Many Western translators have mistranslated the term Upanishads as having a sense of secrecy.
- secret doctrine (Max Muller and Paul Deussen)
- mystic meaning (Robert Hume)
- hidden connections (Patrick Olivelle)
Upanishads lack systematic philosophy and a central theme - Max Muller
Chronology of Upanishads is a highly debatable topic
|}
== References ==
[[Category:Glossary of Sanatana Samskrit Terms (सनातन संस्कृतपददीपिका)]]