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Temples in Texts on Architecture (स्थापत्यशास्त्रेषु देवालयाः ) (view source)
Revision as of 12:34, 7 October 2022
, 12:34, 7 October 2022→Samaranganasutradhara
=== Samaranganasutradhara ===
=== Samaranganasutradhara ===
This text is dated to the 11<sup>th</sup> century CE and has been authored by Raja Bhojadeva of the Parmara Dynasty. The Samaranganasutradhara uses the following names which are analoguous to a temple- Deva-dhishnya (seat), Surasthana (establishment), Chaitya (a sacred monument which is piled up like the Vedic Agni) , Archa-griha (house of the consecrated image) , Devata Ayatana (residence) as well as Vibudha –agara (house of God). The text narrates the details of the five Prasadas created by Brahma for the gods- Vairaja (Brahma), Kailasa (Shiva), Puhspaka (Kubera), Manika (Varuna) and Trivishtapa (Indra). Temples were designed on the lines of these prasadas using stones and baked bricks. The Vairaja was square, Kailasa was circular, Pushpaka was square , Manika was also circular and Trvishtapa was octagonal . These five main prasadas are divided into many sub-types. Prasadas were also considered as Jyeshtha, Madhyama and Kanishtha or Adhama. The auspicious and inauspicious characteristics of temples have also been enumerated. The names of a great variety of Prasadas have also been listed in this viz. Prasadas like Meru (the principal prasada, Prasada-raja), Kailasa (Hara-priya), Sarvatobhadra, Vimancchanda, Nandana, Svastika, Muktakona, Shrivatsa, Hamsa, Rucaka, Vardhamana, Garuda, Gaja, Mrgaraja, Padma and Valabhi. Various kinds of prasadas have been described for different gods like Brahma, Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Devi, Vinayaka , Lakshmi and other deities . The various structural components and dimensions of the prasadas or vimanas have also been explained in the text. The text also furnishes details about the features of Nagara, Dravida and Bhumija Prasadas- three of the main categories of Hindu Temple Architecture. Details pertaining to the structural components like the base and storeys of the temples as well as characteristics of the other components of these temples like the jagati (the platform on which a temple, specially a Nagara temple is built.
This text is dated to the 11<sup>th</sup> century CE and has been authored by Raja Bhojadeva of the Parmara Dynasty. The Samaranganasutradhara uses the following names which are analoguous to a temple- Deva-dhishnya (seat), Surasthana (establishment), Chaitya (a sacred monument which is piled up like the Vedic Agni) , Archa-griha (house of the consecrated image) , Devata Ayatana (residence) as well as Vibudha –agara (house of God). The text narrates the details of the five Prasadas created by Brahma for the gods- Vairaja (Brahma), Kailasa (Shiva), Puhspaka (Kubera), Manika (Varuna) and Trivishtapa (Indra). Temples were designed on the lines of these prasadas using stones and baked bricks. The Vairaja was square, Kailasa was circular, Pushpaka was square , Manika was also circular and Trvishtapa was octagonal . These five main prasadas are divided into many sub-types. Prasadas were also considered as Jyeshtha, Madhyama and Kanishtha or Adhama. The auspicious and inauspicious characteristics of temples have also been enumerated. The names of a great variety of Prasadas have also been listed in this viz. Prasadas like Meru (the principal prasada, Prasada-raja), Kailasa (Hara-priya), Sarvatobhadra, Vimancchanda, Nandana, Svastika, Muktakona, Shrivatsa, Hamsa, Rucaka, Vardhamana, Garuda, Gaja, Mrgaraja, Padma and Valabhi. Various kinds of prasadas have been described for different gods like Brahma, Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Devi, Vinayaka , Lakshmi and other deities . The various structural components and dimensions of the prasadas or vimanas have also been explained in the text. The text also furnishes details about the features of Nagara, Dravida and Bhumija Prasadas- three of the main categories of Hindu Temple Architecture. Details pertaining to the structural components like the base and storeys of the temples as well as characteristics of the other components of these temples like the jagati (the platform on which a temple, specially a Nagara temple is built.
=== Mayamatam ===
The Mayamata is an early medieval text on architecture and was most probably written in South India (Tamil Nadu to be precise). This text discusses different kinds of temples The 19<sup>th</sup> Adhyaya contains the names for a wide number of buildings and some words can even be used for temples. Some of these words are vimana, bhavana, harmya, saudha, dhaman, niketana, prasada, sadana, sadman, geha, avasanaka, griha, nilaya, vasa, aspada, vastu, vastuka, kshetra, ayatana, vesman, mandira, dhishnyaka, pada, laya, kshaya, agara, udavasita and sthana and according to the sages these words are all synonymous. One storeyed temples have been described as square, circular, rectangular or elliptic, apsidal, hexagonal or octagonal and similar plans for their roofs have been prescribed. Dimensions and proportions of different parts of the temple are also specified. On the basis of general appearance of the temples they are given different names like Vaijayanta (circular roof and attic), shribhoga, shrivishala, svastibandha (octagonal roof), shrikara (square roof), hastiprishta (apsidal), skandakanta (hexagonal). Coming to two storeyed temples, they have given names like Svastika, Vipulasundara, Kailasa, Panchala, Vishnukanta, Sumangala, Manohara, Vrittaharmya and Kubera Kanta. In addition the three principal types of temples have been given:
1. Nagara- square or rectangular building-building which is square up to the finial is also called nagara.
2. Dravida- hexagonal or octagonal building, which is octagonal from the attic
3. Vesara-Apsidal one, circular from the attic
In this text we find a new classification of buildings –
1.Sanchita (Male)-made of stones or bricks, massive from entablature to roof
2. Asanchita (female)-made of bricks or wood, has inaccessible vaulted parts
3. Upasanchita (Neuter) – vaulted parts in places and massive in places
As far as three storeyed temples are concerned, names like Svastika, Vimalakrti (suitable for Shambhu), Hastiprishtha, Bhadrakoshtha (base of the building square and its attic and roof octagonal) , Vrittakuta, Sumangala and Gandhara have been used for them. Going ahead with temples with four or more storeys, they have been given appellations like Subhadraka, Shrivishala, Bhadrakoshtha, Jayavaha, Bhadrakuta, Manohara, Aavantika and Sukhavaha.