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→कर्माणि भेदाः ॥ Types of Karma
# संयोगविभागेष्वनपेक्ष कारण। independent cause (essential cause) for both conjunction and disjunction
# संयोगविभागेष्वनपेक्ष कारण। independent cause (essential cause) for both conjunction and disjunction
Motion is the common cause of conjunction, disjunction and speed. Another lakshana of Karma is as follows <blockquote>कर्म कर्मसाध्यं न विद्यते। (Vais. Sutr. 1.1.11)<ref name=":1" /> </blockquote>Motion does not exist (which) can be caused by (another) motion.
Motion is the common cause of conjunction, disjunction and speed. Another lakshana of Karma is as follows<ref name=":3" /> <blockquote>कर्म कर्मसाध्यं न विद्यते। (Vais. Sutr. 1.1.11)<ref name=":1" /> </blockquote>Motion does not exist (which) can be caused by (another) motion.
One motion cannot be caused by another motion without the material entity (substance) and its qualities. Motion requires a cause such as some substance along with its gunas.<ref name=":3" />
One motion cannot be caused by another motion without the material entity (substance) and its qualities. Motion requires a cause such as some substance along with its gunas.<ref name=":3" />
Thus the three characteristics of Karma or Activity can be summarized as
Thus the characteristics of Karma or Activity can be summarized as
# Activity/Motion depends on substance
# Activity/Motion depends on substance
# By itself, Activity does not possess any guna. It is one of the two important features possessed by matter or substance.
# By itself, Activity does not possess any guna. It is one of the two important features possessed by matter or substance.
# It is said to be active when the substance moves from one position to another. In this process motion (Karma) is the common cause for any disjunction (Vibhaga or separation) of the substance (whole or part) from its previous position and conjunction (Samyoga or joining) with a new position. Motion is common cause of conjunction, disjunction and speed (or impetus) with which the substance moves.
# It is said to be active when the substance moves from one position to another. In this process motion (Karma) is the common cause for any disjunction (Vibhaga or separation) of the substance (whole or part) from its previous position and conjunction (Samyoga or joining) with a new position. Motion is common cause of conjunction, disjunction and speed (or impetus) with which the substance moves.
# Karma is not instantaneous. Vyomashiva clearly explains that motion is not instantaneous instead it is incremental. This is true even in a process like cooking the food where the food is neither cooked instantaneously nor does a change occur in its state until a minimum energy is expended. Such a minimum energy can be seen as similar to the threshold energy concept of today. The incremental nature of change in substances explained by Vyomashiva is what follows from today’s relativistic physics about no action being instantaneous.<ref>''Nyaya-Vaiseshika: The Indian Tradition of Physics'' by Roopa Hulikal Narayan </ref>
=== Vedanta Darshana ===
=== Vedanta Darshana ===