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Samanya Dharma (सामान्यधर्मः) (view source)

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== वैदिकवाङ्मयेषु सामान्यधर्मः ॥ Samanya Dharma in Vaidika Vangmaya ==

Dharmas common to all<ref name=":0" /> referred to as Samanya Dharmas, numbering between 5-30, are mentioned across the [[Vaidika Vangmaya (वैदिकवाङ्मयम्)|Vaidika Vangmaya]] texts such as the [[Smrti (स्मृतिः)|Smrtis]], [[Itihasa (इतिहासः)|Itihasa]] and [[Puranas (पुराणानि)|Puranas]]. These tenets applicable to everyone,<ref name=":2" /> as they occur in various texts, are enumerated below.

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=== Samanya Dharma enlisted in Smrtis and Arthashastra<ref name=":2" /> ===

{| class="wikitable"

−

~~|+Samanya Dharma as enlisted in Vaidika Vangmaya<ref name=":2" />~~

![[Manusmrti (मनुस्मृतिः)|Manusmrti]]

![[Arthashastra (अर्थशास्त्रम्)|Arthashastra]]

![[Yajnavalkya Smrti (याज्ञवल्क्यस्मृतिः)|Yajnavalkya Smrti]]

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~~![[Mahabharata (महाभारतम्)|Mahabharata]]~~

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~~!Vamana Purana~~

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~~!Bhagavata Purana~~

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|5 tenets

|6 tenets

|9 tenets

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~~|9 tenets~~

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~~|14 tenets~~

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~~|30 tenets~~

|-

|

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# Daya (Mercy)

# Kshanti (Forgiveness)<ref>Rai Bahadur Srisa Chandra Vidyarnava (1918), [https://archive.org/details/yajnavalkyasmrit00yj/page/236/mode/2up?view=theater Yajnavalkya Smriti (Book 1)], Allahabad: The Panini Office</ref>

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|-

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|अहिंसा सत्यं अस्तेयं शौचं इन्द्रियनिग्रहः ।

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एतं सामासिकं धर्मं चातुर्वर्ण्येऽब्रवीन्मनुः ॥ १०.६३ ॥<ref>Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 10]</ref>

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|सर्वेषां अहिंसा सत्यं शौचं अनसूय आनृशंस्यं क्षमा च ॥ ०१.३.१३ ॥<ref>Arthashastra, Adhikarana 1, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9 Adhyaya 3]</ref>

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|अहिंसा सत्यं अस्तेयं शौचं इन्द्रियनिग्रहः ।

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दानं दमो दया क्षान्तिः सर्वेषां धर्मसाधनम् ॥ १.१२२ ॥<ref>Yajnavalkya Smrti, Adhyaya 1 (Achara Adhyaya), [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Grhasthadharma Prakarana]</ref>

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|-

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|ahiṁsā satyaṁ asteyaṁ śaucaṁ indriyanigrahaḥ ।

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etaṁ sāmāsikaṁ dharmaṁ cāturvarṇye'bravīnmanuḥ ॥ 10.63 ॥

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|sarveṣāṁ ahiṁsā satyaṁ śaucaṁ anasūya ānr̥śaṁsyaṁ kṣamā ca ॥ 01.3.13 ॥

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|ahiṁsā satyaṁ asteyaṁ śaucaṁ indriyanigrahaḥ ।

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dānaṁ damo dayā kṣāntiḥ sarveṣāṁ dharmasādhanam ॥ 1.122 ॥

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|}

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=== Samanya Dharma enlisted in Itihasas and Puranas<ref name=":2" /> ===

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{| class="wikitable"

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![[Mahabharata (महाभारतम्)|Mahabharata]]

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!Vamana Purana

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!Agni Purana

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!Bhagavata Purana

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|-

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|9 tenets

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|14 tenets

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|16 tenets

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|30 tenets

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|-

|

# Akrodha (Freedom from anger)

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# Adroha (Absence of enmity)

# Arjava (Straightforwardness)

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# Bhrtya Bharana (Maintainence of dependents)<ref name=":5"~~>M.Rama Jois (2004), Trivarga, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.<~~/~~ref~~>

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# Bhrtya Bharana (Maintainence of dependents)<ref name=":5" />

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# Svadhyaya (Perseverance)

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# Shaucha (Purity)

# Mangalya (Benevolence)

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# [[Bhakti (भक्तिः)|Bhakti]] (Devotion)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/vamanapuranavaishnavaupapuranasanskritenglishocr/page/n79/mode/2up?view=theater Vamana Purana (Translation)]</ref>

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#[[Bhakti (भक्तिः)|Bhakti]] (Devotion)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/vamanapuranavaishnavaupapuranasanskritenglishocr/page/n79/mode/2up?view=theater Vamana Purana (Translation)]</ref>

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|

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# Ahimsa (Abstaining from killing)

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# Satya Vachana (Truthfulness)

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# Daya (Compassion)

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# Bhuta Anugraha (Kindness towards all beings)

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# Tirtha Anusarana (Visiting tirtha kshetras)

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# Dana (Munificence)

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# [[Brahmacharya (ब्रह्मचर्यम्)|Brahmacharya]] (Celibacy)

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# Amatsara (Non-jealous)

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# Deva Dvijati Guru Shushrusha (Service to deities, brahmanas and preceptors)

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# Sarva Dharma Shravana (Listening to all the laws of conduct)

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# Pitr Pujana (Worship of ancestors)

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# Nrpati Bhakti (Veneration towards the ruler)

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# Nitya Sat Shastranetrata (Sustained interests in Good scriptures)

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# Anrshamshya (Mercy)

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# Titiksha (Forbearance)

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# Astikya (Belief in the Vedas)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/AgniPuranaUnabridgedEnglishMotilal/page/n441/mode/2up?view=theater The Agni Purana (Part 2)], Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.</ref>

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# Satya (Truthfulness)

# Daya (Compassion)

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# [[Tapas (तपस्)|Tapa]] (Austerity)

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#[[Tapas (तपस्)|Tapa]] (Austerity)

# Shaucha (Purity)

# Titiksheksha (Endurance)

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# Dama (Control of the senses)

# Ahimsa (Non-violence)

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# [[Brahmacharya ~~(ब्रह्मचर्यम्)|Brahmacharya]]~~ (celibacy)

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# Brahmacharya (celibacy)

# Tyaga (sacrifice)

# Svadhyaya (Study of Vedas)

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# Atma Samarpana (Dedication of oneself to Hari)<ref name=":6">Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare, The Bhagavata Purana (Part III), Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology (Volume 9), Edited by J.L.Shastri, New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150116/page/n95 P.no.964].</ref>

|-

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~~|अहिंसा सत्यं अस्तेयं शौचं इन्द्रियनिग्रहः ।~~

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एतं सामासिकं धर्मं चातुर्वर्ण्येऽब्रवीन्मनुः ॥ १०.६३ ॥<ref>Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 10]</ref>

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|सर्वेषां अहिंसा सत्यं शौचं अनसूय आनृशंस्यं क्षमा च ॥ ०१.३.१३ ॥<ref>Arthashastra, Adhikarana 1, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9 Adhyaya 3]</ref>

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~~|अहिंसा सत्यं अस्तेयं शौचं इन्द्रियनिग्रहः ।~~

−

दानं दमो दया क्षान्तिः सर्वेषां धर्मसाधनम् ॥ १.१२२ ॥<ref>Yajnavalkya Smrti, Adhyaya 1 (Achara Adhyaya), [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Grhasthadharma Prakarana]</ref>

|अक्रोधः सत्यवचनं संविभागः क्षमा तथा ।

प्रजनः स्वेषु दारेषु शौचमद्रोह एव च ॥ १२.५९.९ ॥

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शंकरे भास्करे देव्यां धर्मोऽयं मानवः स्मृतः ॥ ११.२४ ॥<ref>Vamana Purana, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%BD%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 11]</ref>

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|अहिंसा सत्यवचनन्दया भूतेष्वनुग्रहः ।

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तीर्थानुसरणं दानं ब्रह्मचर्यममत्सरः ॥१५१.३

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देवद्विजातिशुश्रूषा गुरूणाञ्च भृगूत्तम ।

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श्रवणं सर्वधर्माणां पितॄणां पूजनं तथा ॥१५१.४

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भक्तिश्च नृपतौ नित्यं तथा सच्छास्त्रनेत्रता ।

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आनृशंष्यन्तितिक्षा च तथा चास्तिक्यमेव च ॥१५१.५

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वर्णाश्रमाणां सामान्यं धर्माधर्मं समीरितं ।१५१.६<ref>Agni Purana, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%A7 Adhyaya 151]</ref>

|सत्यं दया तपः शौचं तितिक्षेक्षा शमो दमः । अहिंसा ब्रह्मचर्यं च त्यागः स्वाध्याय आर्जवम् ॥ ८ ॥

सन्तोषः समदृक् सेवा ग्राम्येहोपरमः शनैः । नृणां विपर्ययेहेक्षा मौनं आत्मविमर्शनम् ॥ ९ ॥

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नृणामयं परो धर्मः सर्वेषां समुदाहृतः । त्रिंशत् लक्षणवान् राजन् सर्वात्मा येन तुष्यति ॥ १२ ॥<ref name=":4">Bhagavata Purana, Skandha 7, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AD/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7 Adhyaya 11].</ref>

|-

−

~~|ahiṁsā satyaṁ asteyaṁ śaucaṁ indriyanigrahaḥ ।~~

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~~etaṁ sāmāsikaṁ dharmaṁ cāturvarṇye'bravīnmanuḥ ॥ 10.63 ॥~~

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~~|sarveṣāṁ ahiṁsā satyaṁ śaucaṁ anasūya ānr̥śaṁsyaṁ kṣamā ca ॥ 01.3.13 ॥~~

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~~|ahiṁsā satyaṁ asteyaṁ śaucaṁ indriyanigrahaḥ ।~~

−

~~dānaṁ damo dayā kṣāntiḥ sarveṣāṁ dharmasādhanam ॥ 1.122 ॥~~

|akrodhaḥ satyavacanaṁ saṁvibhāgaḥ kṣamā tathā ।

prajanaḥ sveṣu dāreṣu śaucamadroha eva ca ॥ 12.59.9 ॥

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śaṁkare bhāskare devyāṁ dharmo'yaṁ mānavaḥ smr̥taḥ ॥ 11.24 ॥

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|ahiṁsā satyavacanandayā bhūteṣvanugrahaḥ ।

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tīrthānusaraṇaṁ dānaṁ brahmacaryamamatsaraḥ ॥151.3

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devadvijātiśuśrūṣā gurūṇāñca bhr̥gūttama ।

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śravaṇaṁ sarvadharmāṇāṁ pitr̥̄ṇāṁ pūjanaṁ tathā ॥151.4

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bhaktiśca nr̥patau nityaṁ tathā sacchāstranetratā ।

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ānr̥śaṁṣyantitikṣā ca tathā cāstikyameva ca ॥151.5

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varṇāśramāṇāṁ sāmānyaṁ dharmādharmaṁ samīritaṁ ।151.6

|satyaṁ dayā tapaḥ śaucaṁ titikṣekṣā śamo damaḥ । ahiṁsā brahmacaryaṁ ca tyāgaḥ svādhyāya ārjavam ॥ 8 ॥

santoṣaḥ samadr̥k sevā grāmyehoparamaḥ śanaiḥ । nr̥ṇāṁ viparyayehekṣā maunaṁ ātmavimarśanam ॥ 9 ॥

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== प्रचुरोक्ताः सामान्यधर्माः ॥ Persistent tenets ==

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It is seen that Samanya Dharma or principles applicable to all<ref name=":5" /> are enlisted in various texts. Manusmrti gives a list of 5 tenets; Arthashastra mentions 6 tenets; Yajnavalkya Smrti mentions 9 tenets; Mahabharata also mentions 9 tenets; Vamana Purana mentions 14 tenets; while the Bhagavata Purana mentions 30 tenets as Samanya Dharma.<ref name=":2" />

+

It is seen that Samanya Dharma or principles applicable to all<ref name=":5">M.Rama Jois (2004), Trivarga, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</ref> are enlisted in various texts. Manusmrti gives a list of 5 tenets; Arthashastra mentions 6 tenets; Yajnavalkya Smrti mentions 9 tenets; Mahabharata also mentions 9 tenets; Vamana Purana mentions 14 tenets; while the Bhagavata Purana mentions 30 tenets as Samanya Dharma.<ref name=":2" />

The 5 tenets mentioned in Manusmrti that find mention at all instances that enlist Samanya Dharma include<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />

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