Changes

According to A. C. Das, the original areas occupied by the Rgvedic people was geographically described as the Saptasindhu, which included the beautiful valley of Kashmir on the north and Gandhara on the west. Its southern boundary was the Rajputana sea and the eastern boundary the Eastern sea covering the Gangetic trough.<ref name=":7" />

According to A. C. Das, the original areas occupied by the Rgvedic people was geographically described as the Saptasindhu, which included the beautiful valley of Kashmir on the north and Gandhara on the west. Its southern boundary was the Rajputana sea and the eastern boundary the Eastern sea covering the Gangetic trough.<ref name=":7" />

=== Mountains ===

== Mountains ==

[https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Mountains_in_Rigveda_(%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D) The mountains mentioned in the Rigveda (ऋग्वेदे पर्वतानां विवेचनम्)] give us a good insight on the geographical aspects of ancient mountain ranges that exist in the present times.<ref name=":4">Pt. Upadhyaya, Baldev. (2012 Second Edition) ''Samskrit Vangmay ke Brihad Itihas, Vol 1, Veda.'' Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Sanskrit Sansthan. (Pages 515-531)</ref> One interesting point of mention is about Moojavat mountain, which is said to be the native habitat of Somalata used in Somayajnas.<ref name=":2">Upadhyaya, Baldev (1958) Vaidik Sahitya</ref>

[https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Mountains_in_Rigveda_(%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D) The mountains mentioned in the Rigveda (ऋग्वेदे पर्वतानां विवेचनम्)] give us a good insight on the geographical aspects of ancient mountain ranges that exist in the present times.<ref name=":4">Pt. Upadhyaya, Baldev. (2012 Second Edition) ''Samskrit Vangmay ke Brihad Itihas, Vol 1, Veda.'' Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Sanskrit Sansthan. (Pages 515-531)</ref> One interesting point of mention is about Moojavat mountain, which is said to be the native habitat of Somalata used in Somayajnas.<ref name=":2">Upadhyaya, Baldev (1958) Vaidik Sahitya</ref>

===Oceans or Seas===

==Oceans or Seas==

Rgveda offers good information about oceans, seas and other water bodies such as streams. People were well aware about the vast waterbodies and trade via the seas was prevalent. The terms samudra (समुद्रम्), udadhi (उदधि), sindhu (सिन्धु) and Arnava (अर्णव) have been used for ocean or a sea. The sea has been described as without support, without any land or shores, and without any object that can be grasped for protection. It is defined as a shoreless and limitless ocean, with nothing but and water on every side. This context is mentioned in Rgveda (1.116.5) describing the Bhujyu Akhyana.

Rgveda offers good information about oceans, seas and other water bodies such as streams. People were well aware about the vast waterbodies and trade via the seas was prevalent. The terms samudra (समुद्रम्), udadhi (उदधि), sindhu (सिन्धु) and Arnava (अर्णव) have been used for ocean or a sea. The sea has been described as without support, without any land or shores, and without any object that can be grasped for protection. It is defined as a shoreless and limitless ocean, with nothing but and water on every side. This context is mentioned in Rgveda (1.116.5) describing the Bhujyu Akhyana.

We see that of the four seas, the Rgveda mentions about two, the 'पूर्व (purva)' and 'अपर (apara)' samudras very clearly. The Purva (or अवर-Avara) samudra also called as Arvavat (अर्वावत्) is where the sunrises and the Apara (or पर - Para) samudra also called as Paraavat (परावत्) is where the sun sets. The Arabian sea is the Paraavat sea where the Sindhu and its tributaries drain into. It however, ran up the present lower valley of the Indus along the foot of the Western Range, and covered a large portion of the present province of Sindh. However, scholars opine that the Eastern sea or the Purva (Apara or Arvaavat) sea is not the same as the Bay of Bengal as this bay is very far from where the Saptasindhu rivers were flowing. It has been proposed that land areas that are now known to be Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, i.e., the gangetic plains were we find the rivers Ganga and Yamuna, were once areas of a sea (in the Pleistocene era) which got filled with the sands brought down by the rivers and became plains.<ref name=":42">Pt. Upadhyaya, Baldev. (2012 Second Edition) ''Samskrit Vangmay ke Brihad Itihas, Vol 1, Veda.'' Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Sanskrit Sansthan. (Pages 515-531)</ref>   

We see that of the four seas, the Rgveda mentions about two, the 'पूर्व (purva)' and 'अपर (apara)' samudras very clearly. The Purva (or अवर-Avara) samudra also called as Arvavat (अर्वावत्) is where the sunrises and the Apara (or पर - Para) samudra also called as Paraavat (परावत्) is where the sun sets. The Arabian sea is the Paraavat sea where the Sindhu and its tributaries drain into. It however, ran up the present lower valley of the Indus along the foot of the Western Range, and covered a large portion of the present province of Sindh. However, scholars opine that the Eastern sea or the Purva (Apara or Arvaavat) sea is not the same as the Bay of Bengal as this bay is very far from where the Saptasindhu rivers were flowing. It has been proposed that land areas that are now known to be Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, i.e., the gangetic plains were we find the rivers Ganga and Yamuna, were once areas of a sea (in the Pleistocene era) which got filled with the sands brought down by the rivers and became plains.<ref name=":42">Pt. Upadhyaya, Baldev. (2012 Second Edition) ''Samskrit Vangmay ke Brihad Itihas, Vol 1, Veda.'' Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Sanskrit Sansthan. (Pages 515-531)</ref>   

Geological evidence goes on to show that there were actually three seas on the three sides of Saptasindhu, i.e., the Eastern, the Western and the Southern and the fourth sea logically must have been somewhere on the north beyond the Himalayas. There is a mention that a deep trough (sea) did exist at the foot of the Himalayan range in ancient geological times as per Mr. Wadia (in his Geology of India book). This trough or sea lasted through long ages during which it was gradually filled up with alluvium into which were embedded the remains of a rich varied fauna "of herbivores, carnivores, rodents and of primates, the highest order of the mammals," brought down by the rivers and streams.<blockquote>ये अ॑स्या आ॒चर॑णेषु दध्रि॒रे स॑मु॒द्रे न श्र॑व॒स्यव॑: ॥३॥ (Rg. Veda. 1.48.3)<ref>Rgveda ([https://vedicheritage.gov.in/samhitas/rigveda/shakala-samhita/rigveda-shakala-samhitas-mandal-01-sukta-048/ Mandala 1 Sukta 48])</ref></blockquote>According to Dr. A. C. Das, geological evidence proves that such a sea did actually exist in ancient times, stretching from below the highlands of modern Turkestan towards Siberia on one side, and from the confines of Mongolia to the Black Sea, on the other, covering an immense area. This sea disappeared in comparatively recent geological times, leaving the Black Sea, the Sea of Aral, Lake Balkash, and an extensive depression low, dry and converted into steppes, as its remnants. The Black Sea was not at that time connected with the Mediterranean, and its western shores formed the Isthmus of Bosphorus linking Europe with Asia. On the confines of East Turkestan also there was in ancient times another immense Asiatic Mediterranean Sea, of which Lake Lobnor is the remnant. These stern geological facts are corroborated in Rgvedic mantras. We can see the effects of climate change reflected in the mantras and the disappearance of one of the four seas around the Sapta Sindhu, and the upheaval of a vast tract of arid desert in the South. Dr. Das's discussion about various geological evidences<blockquote>''"clearly proved the existence of the four seas mentioned in the Rgveda, round about the region, inhabited by the ancient Aryans, which included Sapta-sindhu on the south, Bactriana and Eastern Turkestan on the north, Gandhara on the west and the upper valleys of the Ganga and Yamuna on the east. The age of the Rgveda, therefore, must be as old as the existence of these four seas in ancient times."'' <ref name=":7" /></blockquote>The '''third sea''', according to '''A. C. Das''', once covered the area into which the Sarasvati river drained into, and which is now the sandy desert area of Rajasthan. P. L. Bhargava called this sea as the '''Sarasvat (सरस्वत् समुद्र) ocean'''. In Rigveda (1.164.52) it has been mentioned that Sarasvat river is filled with many medicinal properties and was the source of water for many lakes. In the sukta 7.96 the first three mantras are in praise of the Sarasvati river while the rest of the three mantras are a stuti to the Sarasvat sea. With many beautiful poetic comparisons the Sarasvat sea bears an important position during the Rigvedic times.<ref name=":4" />

Geological evidence goes on to show that there were actually three seas on the three sides of Saptasindhu, i.e., the Eastern, the Western and the Southern and the fourth sea logically must have been somewhere on the north beyond the Himalayas. There is a mention that a deep trough (sea) did exist at the foot of the Himalayan range in ancient geological times as per Mr. Wadia (in his Geology of India book). This trough or sea lasted through long ages during which it was gradually filled up with alluvium into which were embedded the remains of a rich varied fauna "of herbivores, carnivores, rodents and of primates, the highest order of the mammals," brought down by the rivers and streams.<blockquote>ये अ॑स्या आ॒चर॑णेषु दध्रि॒रे स॑मु॒द्रे न श्र॑व॒स्यव॑: ॥३॥ (Rg. Veda. 1.48.3)<ref>Rgveda ([https://vedicheritage.gov.in/samhitas/rigveda/shakala-samhita/rigveda-shakala-samhitas-mandal-01-sukta-048/ Mandala 1 Sukta 48])</ref></blockquote>According to Dr. A. C. Das, geological evidence proves that such a sea did actually exist in ancient times, stretching from below the highlands of modern Turkestan towards Siberia on one side, and from the confines of Mongolia to the Black Sea, on the other, covering an immense area. This sea disappeared in comparatively recent geological times, leaving the Black Sea, the Sea of Aral, Lake Balkash, and an extensive depression low, dry and converted into steppes, as its remnants. The Black Sea was not at that time connected with the Mediterranean, and its western shores formed the Isthmus of Bosphorus linking Europe with Asia. On the confines of East Turkestan also there was in ancient times another immense Asiatic Mediterranean Sea, of which Lake Lobnor is the remnant. These stern geological facts are corroborated in Rgvedic mantras. We can see the effects of climate change reflected in the mantras and the disappearance of one of the four seas around the Sapta Sindhu, and the upheaval of a vast tract of arid desert in the South. Dr. Das's discussion about various geological evidences<blockquote>''"clearly proved the existence of the four seas mentioned in the Rgveda, round about the region, inhabited by the ancient Aryans, which included Sapta-sindhu on the south, Bactriana and Eastern Turkestan on the north, Gandhara on the west and the upper valleys of the Ganga and Yamuna on the east. The age of the Rgveda, therefore, must be as old as the existence of these four seas in ancient times."'' <ref name=":7" /></blockquote>The '''third sea''', according to '''A. C. Das''', once covered the area into which the Sarasvati river drained into, and which is now the sandy desert area of Rajasthan. P. L. Bhargava called this sea as the '''Sarasvat (सरस्वत् समुद्र) ocean'''. In Rigveda (1.164.52) it has been mentioned that Sarasvat river is filled with many medicinal properties and was the source of water for many lakes. In the sukta 7.96 the first three mantras are in praise of the Sarasvati river while the rest of the three mantras are a stuti to the Sarasvat sea. With many beautiful poetic comparisons the Sarasvat sea bears an important position during the Rigvedic times.<ref name=":4" />  

The fourth sea, according to Pt. Baldev Upadhyaya, is called '''Sharyanavat (शर्यणावत् समुद्र).''' It has be mentioned along with the Paraavat (परावत्) and Arvaavat (अर्वावत्) oceans (Rig. Veda. 9.64.22), thus considered as an sea. According to Hillebrandt, it is sea in the Kashmir region a remnant of which is the Wular lake in the present times. In the mantra 7.64.11, where Sharyanavat is referred along with the river Sushoma and as a place where the Soma creeper grows. Based on the association with Sushoma which is a northern tributary of the Indus river and as a place where Soma is found, it's location is inferred as the sea which is to the north of the Sindhu river.<ref name=":4" /> The term Sharyanavat finds a mention in Rigveda mantra 10.35.2 as follows<blockquote>दि॒वस्पृ॑थि॒व्योरव॒ आ वृ॑णीमहे मा॒तॄन्त्सिन्धू॒न्पर्व॑ताञ्छर्य॒णाव॑तः । (Rig. Veda. 10.35.2)</blockquote>According to Sayanacharya, Sharyanavat means the mountains of the lake Sharyanavat. According to him, Sharyanavat is a lake in the district of Kurukshetra. According to P.L. Bhargava, Sharyanavat is the mountain, which now surrounds the Kashmir valley.<ref name=":0" />

The '''fourth sea''', according to Pt. Baldev Upadhyaya, is called '''Sharyanavat (शर्यणावत् समुद्र).''' It has be mentioned along with the Paraavat (परावत्) and Arvaavat (अर्वावत्) oceans (Rig. Veda. 9.64.22), thus considered as an sea. According to Hillebrandt, it is sea in the Kashmir region a remnant of which is the Wular lake in the present times. In the mantra 7.64.11, where Sharyanavat is referred along with the river Sushoma and as a place where the Soma creeper grows. Based on the association with Sushoma which is a northern tributary of the Indus river and as a place where Soma is found, it's location is inferred as the sea which is to the north of the Sindhu river.<ref name=":4" /> The term Sharyanavat finds a mention in Rigveda mantra 10.35.2 as follows<blockquote>दि॒वस्पृ॑थि॒व्योरव॒ आ वृ॑णीमहे मा॒तॄन्त्सिन्धू॒न्पर्व॑ताञ्छर्य॒णाव॑तः । (Rig. Veda. 10.35.2)</blockquote>According to Sayanacharya, Sharyanavat means the mountains of the lake Sharyanavat. According to him, Sharyanavat is a lake in the district of Kurukshetra. According to P.L. Bhargava, Sharyanavat is the mountain, which now surrounds the Kashmir valley.<ref name=":0" />

It is time we delve deeper into the geological testimony which supports the vast antiquity of Rgveda stretching back to times immemorial.<ref name=":7" />

It is time we delve deeper into the geological testimony which supports the vast antiquity of Rgveda stretching back to times immemorial.<ref name=":7" />

=== Rivers ===

== नद्यः ॥ Rivers ==

In these texts, we see many rivers mentioned along with their characteristic color and flow. The Sapta-sindhu region or the land of seven rivers is stated to be the homeland of the Rgvedic people. The word "Sapta-sindhu" means "seven rivers". Thus the very habitation of the Rgvedic people has been defined on the basis of river basins. Rivers have always supported civilizations and have been the lifelines for many civilizations. Large number of evidences in the recent archeological excavations near the Sarasvati basin revealed the flourishing Indus Valley civilization habitations.

In these texts, we see many rivers mentioned along with their characteristic color and flow. The Sapta-sindhu region or the land of seven rivers is stated to be the homeland of the Rgvedic people. The word "Sapta-sindhu" means "seven rivers". Thus the very habitation of the Rgvedic people has been defined on the basis of river basins. Rivers have always supported civilizations and have been the lifelines for many civilizations. Large number of evidences in the recent archeological excavations near the Sarasvati basin revealed the flourishing Indus Valley civilization habitations.

Ganga and Yamuna have certainly been mentioned in the Rgveda once or twice, but they have not at all been included in the computation of the Saptasindhu that gave the country its name. Beyond the Ganga and Yamuna, no other rivers of Northern India, nor any provinces like Panchala, Kosala, Magadha, Anga and Vanga find any mention in the Rgveda. Towards the south, neither the Deccan, nor the Vindhya mountains nor any of the large and famous rivers flowing in the peninsular Indian region have been mentioned.<ref name=":7" />

Ganga and Yamuna have certainly been mentioned in the Rgveda once or twice, but they have not at all been included in the computation of the Saptasindhu that gave the country its name. Beyond the Ganga and Yamuna, no other rivers of Northern India, nor any provinces like Panchala, Kosala, Magadha, Anga and Vanga find any mention in the Rgveda. Towards the south, neither the Deccan, nor the Vindhya mountains nor any of the large and famous rivers flowing in the peninsular Indian region have been mentioned.<ref name=":7" />

== देश ॥ Places in Rgveda ==

== देशाः ॥ Places in Rgveda ==

According to Shrikant Talageri, place-names directly or indirectly in the Rgveda can be classified into five basic geographical regions, from west to east, on the basis of present-day terminology:<ref name=":1" />

According to Shrikant Talageri, place-names directly or indirectly in the Rgveda can be classified into five basic geographical regions, from west to east, on the basis of present-day terminology:<ref name=":1" />

* In the Rigveda mantra (1.126.8) we find the term '''Gandhari (गन्धारि)''' referring to the famous place Gandhar. From a reference in the Chandogya Upanishad, we learn that Gandhar is a place far far away from where the Rigvedic people lived. As the settlements happened more towards the eastern regions, it is but natural that Gandhar would be far away for them. "गान्धारीणामिवाविका" refers to the beautiful haired (wooly) sheep that were famous in the Rigvedic times.<ref name=":2" /> The present Kandahar (कन्धार) is a vikriti form of Gandhar. In ancient times the region from Takshashila to Kabul was said to be Gandhar. This region also includes the cities Rawalpindi and Peshawar presently situated in Pakistan.<ref name=":6" />

* In the Rigveda mantra (1.126.8) we find the term '''Gandhari (गन्धारि)''' referring to the famous place Gandhar. From a reference in the Chandogya Upanishad, we learn that Gandhar is a place far far away from where the Rigvedic people lived. As the settlements happened more towards the eastern regions, it is but natural that Gandhar would be far away for them. "गान्धारीणामिवाविका" refers to the beautiful haired (wooly) sheep that were famous in the Rigvedic times.<ref name=":2" /> The present Kandahar (कन्धार) is a vikriti form of Gandhar. In ancient times the region from Takshashila to Kabul was said to be Gandhar. This region also includes the cities Rawalpindi and Peshawar presently situated in Pakistan.<ref name=":6" />

== People in Rgveda ==

== जनाः ॥ People in Rgveda ==

In the people were divided into five principal classes that possessed homogeneous civilization, performed common religious activities, observed same social customs, followed similar occupations and lived in village communities or in fortified cities. We find the term '''Panchajana (पञ्चजन)''' indicating the fine main classes or races. Frequently in the Rgveda we find the usage of the term "Panchajana (पञ्चजन)" such as in पञ्चजना मम होत्रं जुषध्वम् । (Rig. Veda. 10.53.4). Panchajanaah or the five peoples are mentioned by various terms, viz.  

In the Rigveda, we find that people were divided into five principal classes that possessed homogeneous civilization, performed common religious activities, observed same social customs, followed similar occupations and lived in village communities or in fortified cities. We find the term '''Panchajana (पञ्चजन)''' indicating the fine main classes or races. "Panchajana (पञ्चजन)" is found in instances such as in पञ्चजना मम होत्रं जुषध्वम् । (Rig. Veda. 10.53.4). Panchajanaah or the five peoples are mentioned by various terms, viz.  

Panchajaah (पञ्चजनाः) as in <blockquote>

Panchajaah (पञ्चजनाः) as in <blockquote>

इ॒न्द्रि॒याणि॑ शतक्रतो॒ या ते॒ जने॑षु प॒ञ्चसु॑ । इन्द्र॒ तानि॑ त॒ आ वृ॑णे ॥९॥ (Rig. Veda. 3.37.9) </blockquote>Panchakrshtayaha (पञ्चकृष्टयः) as in<blockquote>अ॒स्माकं॑ द्यु॒म्नमधि॒ पञ्च॑ कृ॒ष्टिषू॒च्चा स्व१र्ण शु॑शुचीत दु॒ष्टर॑म् ॥१०॥ (Rig. Veda. 2.2.10)</blockquote>Panchacharshanyaha (या पञ्चचर्षण्यः)<blockquote>या पञ्च॑ चर्ष॒णीर॒भी॑न्द्रा॒ग्नी ता ह॑वामहे ॥२॥ (Rig. Veda. 5.86.2)</blockquote>Panchakshitayaha (पञ्चक्षितयः)<blockquote>इन्द्र॒: पञ्च॑ क्षिती॒नाम्॥९॥ (Rig. Veda. 1.7.9)</blockquote>According to Pt. Kapil Dev Dwivedi, in the Aitareya Brahmana (8.3.14) we find an explanation about this term. The raja and praja (the king and the citizens) belonging to the purva (east), paschima (west), uttara (north) and dakshina (south) deshas (देश-s - places) along with the madhya-desha namely Kuru and Panchala rajyas constitute the Panchajanas (ध्रुवा मध्यमा प्रतिष्ठा). In this way Panchajana includes the the whole population  in the region. According to Sayanacharya, Panchajana includes the people of the four varnas and the Nishada tribes.<ref name=":6" />  

इ॒न्द्रि॒याणि॑ शतक्रतो॒ या ते॒ जने॑षु प॒ञ्चसु॑ । इन्द्र॒ तानि॑ त॒ आ वृ॑णे ॥९॥ (Rig. Veda. 3.37.9) </blockquote>Panchakrshtayaha (पञ्चकृष्टयः) as in<blockquote>अ॒स्माकं॑ द्यु॒म्नमधि॒ पञ्च॑ कृ॒ष्टिषू॒च्चा स्व१र्ण शु॑शुचीत दु॒ष्टर॑म् ॥१०॥ (Rig. Veda. 2.2.10)</blockquote>Panchacharshanyaha (या पञ्चचर्षण्यः)<blockquote>या पञ्च॑ चर्ष॒णीर॒भी॑न्द्रा॒ग्नी ता ह॑वामहे ॥२॥ (Rig. Veda. 5.86.2)</blockquote>Panchakshitayaha (पञ्चक्षितयः)<blockquote>इन्द्र॒: पञ्च॑ क्षिती॒नाम्॥९॥ (Rig. Veda. 1.7.9)</blockquote>According to Pt. Kapil Dev Dwivedi, in the Aitareya Brahmana (8.3.14) we find an explanation about this term. The raja and praja (the king and the citizens) belonging to the purva (east), paschima (west), uttara (north) and dakshina (south) deshas (देश-s - places) along with the madhya-desha namely Kuru and Panchala rajyas constitute the Panchajanas (ध्रुवा मध्यमा प्रतिष्ठा). In this way Panchajana includes the the whole population  in the region. According to Sayanacharya, Panchajana includes the people of the four varnas and the Nishada tribes.<ref name=":6" />  

Traditional history knows of many different streams of tribes or peoples, but the two main streams are of those belonging to the Solar Race of the IkSvAkus, and those belonging to the Lunar Race of the AiLas. The AiLas are further divided into five main branches: the Yadu-s, TurvaSa-s, Druhyu-s, Anu-s and PUru-s.<ref name=":1" />

Traditional history knows of many different streams of tribes or peoples, but the two main streams are of those belonging to the Solar Race of the IkSvAkus, and those belonging to the Lunar Race of the AiLas. The AiLas are further divided into five main branches: the Yadu-s (यदु), TurvaSa-s (तुर्वश), Druhyu-s (द्रुह्यु), Anu-s (अनु) and PUru-s (पूरु).<ref name=":1" /> It is mentioned in the mantra as follows

 

 

 

Mentioned frequently in the Rigveda, they are the people born in the race of Yadu. The Yadavas are mentioned with the Parshu, which according to Sayanacharya's commentary the son of Parashu. In the Dasarajna yuddha, the battle of the ten kings, the Yadus took part against Sudas.<ref name=":0" /> Indra is said to have crossed the ocean and brought back to the shores of Sapta-sindhu, the Yadu and Turvasa people who left their country and lived on the farther shores of the ocean as unanointed kings, probably in a new colony of their own (Rig. Veda. 4.30.17 and 6.20.12).<ref name=":1" />

The Rigveda is little concerned with the IkSvAkus as a people, inspite of the fact that it has the second most important dynasty of TRkSis, a branch of the Ikshvakus. The word Ikshvaku itself occurs only once in the Rgveda as a name of the Surya (10.60.4).<ref name=":1" />

The Rigveda is little concerned with the IkSvAkus as a people, inspite of the fact that it has the second most important dynasty of TRkSis, a branch of the Ikshvakus. The word Ikshvaku itself occurs only once in the Rgveda as a name of the Surya (10.60.4).<ref name=":1" />

== References ==

== References ==