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Dravya is literally defined as an object, substance or matter. In Ayurveda, dravya is one of the [[Padarthas (पदार्थाः)|shad padartha]]<nowiki/>s (dravya, guna, karma, samanya, vishesha, samavaya). Padarthas refer to the entities that exist in the universe and knowledge of which is belived to be the stepping stone to follow pathway which can lead to ultimate knowledge of oneself and universe. Dravya is the first padartha in order and represents matter or one that exists indepently in the universe. It doesn't rely on any other entity for its existence rather other entities are dependent on it for manifestation. Therefore generally dravya is considered to be a object or matter. Vaisheshika darshana has discussed about dravya as a padartha similar to Ayurveda. In [[Ayurveda and Darshanas (आयुर्वेदः दर्शनानि च)|Ayurveda and Vaishehsika darshana]] 9 types of dravyas are discussed.
Dravya is literally defined as an object, substance or matter. In Ayurveda, dravya is one of the [[Padarthas (पदार्थाः)|shad padartha]]<nowiki/>s (dravya, guna, karma, samanya, vishesha, samavaya). Padarthas refer to the entities that exist in the universe and knowledge of which is belived to be the stepping stone to follow pathway which can lead to ultimate knowledge of oneself and universe. Dravya is the first padartha in order and represents matter or one that exists indepently in the universe. It doesn't rely on any other entity for its existence rather other entities are dependent on it for manifestation. Therefore generally dravya is considered to be a object or matter. Vaisheshika darshana has discussed about dravya as a padartha similar to Ayurveda. In [[Ayurveda and Darshanas (आयुर्वेदः दर्शनानि च)|Ayurveda and Vaishehsika darshana]] 9 types of dravyas are discussed.
== Definition of dravya ==
== Definition of dravya ==
द्रव्यलक्षणं तु ‘क्रियागुणवत् समवायिकारणम्’ इति ||३||(sush.sutr.40.3)
द्रव्यलक्षणं तु ‘क्रियागुणवत् समवायिकारणम्’ इति ||३||(sush.sutr.40.3)
These five altogether form dravya.
These five altogether form dravya.
== ETYMOLOGY ==
== Etymology ==
Dravya word is derived from
Dravya word is derived from
Meaning: [[Panchamahabhutas (पञ्चमहाभूतानि)|Panchamahabhutas]] (5 fundamental elements), [[Atman (आत्मन्)|Atman]] (soul or life energy), [[Kala (कालः)|Kala]] (Time), [[Manas (मनः)|Manas]] (mind) and Disha (orientation in space) are types of drvayas (existing in the universe). Depending upon the presence of [[Indriyas (इन्द्रियाणि)|indriyas]] (sensory and motor organs which decide the level of interaction of being with the universe) the drvayas are categorized into Chetana (sentinent) or Sendriya (with indriyas) and Achetana (Insentinent) or Nirindriya (Without indriyas) types.
Meaning: [[Panchamahabhutas (पञ्चमहाभूतानि)|Panchamahabhutas]] (5 fundamental elements), [[Atman (आत्मन्)|Atman]] (soul or life energy), [[Kala (कालः)|Kala]] (Time), [[Manas (मनः)|Manas]] (mind) and Disha (orientation in space) are types of drvayas (existing in the universe). Depending upon the presence of [[Indriyas (इन्द्रियाणि)|indriyas]] (sensory and motor organs which decide the level of interaction of being with the universe) the drvayas are categorized into Chetana (sentinent) or Sendriya (with indriyas) and Achetana (Insentinent) or Nirindriya (Without indriyas) types.
All the dravyas listed above have exclusive features. They play major part in formation of any matter or energy existing in the universe. Although Atman (life energy), manas (mind), kala (time) and Disha (orientation in space) can not be shown explicitly to others, those are perceivable to every living being. They fulfill the criteria to be called as dravyas since they exist independently and are responsible for certain activities ocurring in the universe. The brief account on each dravya is given below. For reading in depth kindly click the links to separate pages of every dravya.
All the dravyas listed above have exclusive features. They play major part in formation of any matter or energy existing in the universe. Although Atman (life energy), manas (mind), kala (time) and Disha (orientation in space) can not be shown explicitly to others, those are perceivable to every living being. They fulfill the criteria to be called as dravyas since they exist independently and are responsible for certain activities occurring in the universe. The brief account on each dravya is given below. For reading in depth kindly click the links to separate pages of every dravya.
=== Panchamahabhuta(akasha, vayu, teja, jala, pruthvi) ===
=== Panchamahabhuta(akasha, vayu, teja, jala, pruthvi) ===
=== Manas ===
=== Manas ===
Manas (मनः) is popularly known as Mind. According to Ayurveda, Manas along with Sharira (शरीरम्। physical body) and Atman (आत्मन् । consciousness) form the 3 pillars of individual’s life. Thus, Manas is neither a part of physical body nor a part of consciousness but equally important as the other 2 components. Also, it is distinct from Buddhi (बुद्धिः। intellect) and Ahankara (अहङ्कारः। Ego). Sattva, rajas and tamas are trigunas that are considered to be the gunas of manas. Thus manas has gunas (properties) and it also performs certain functions. It also has critical role in the process of gaining knowledge of all types. Since manas exists independently and also since [[Gunas or Qualities : An Ayurvedic perspective (आयुर्वेदे गुणाः)|gunas]] (properties) and karmas (activities or function) are seen in perpetual co-inherence with manas, it is called as a dravya.
=== Kala ===
=== Kala ===
Kala (Samskrit : कालः) means "time period" in a broad sense. Kala as related to the Universe refers to the theories of creation, the cosmogenesis on the macroscopic scale. Kala exists independently. Kala refers to the shorter and relative time periods on earth, the days and nights, paksha, masa (months), ayana (uttarayana and dakshinayana), samvatsara (year) and this leads to the bigger units of yugas which again refer back to the cycles of srishti (सृष्टिः । creation) and kshaya (क्षयः। decay) that the universe passes through.<ref>Narayanacharya, K. S. (2011). ''Veda Sanskritiya Parichaya''. Hubli:Sahitya Prakashana.</ref> Thus, Kala is usually represented as a wheel due to its cyclic nature (although linear time scales are also present). Variation in time is responsible for multiple changes in external and internal body environment. The properties of each time are defined and mostly fixed however they appear in cyclic manner.
=== Disha or dig ===
=== Disha or dig ===
Meaning, dravyas which are responsible for providing knowledge of dik/disha or directions. It is nitya(constant) and vibhu (omnipotent).
Meaning, dravyas which are responsible for providing knowledge of dik/disha or directions. It is nitya(constant) and vibhu (omnipotent).
Gunas of dik
तस्यास्तु गुणाः संख्यापरिमाणपृथक्त्वसंयोगविभागाः कालवदेते सिद्धाः ।(prashastapada)
तस्यास्तु गुणाः संख्यापरिमाणपृथक्त्वसंयोगविभागाः कालवदेते सिद्धाः ।(prashastapada)
Nitya – dravya is a constant entity. It does not change according to climate, timing, place, whereas properties of a drvya do.
Nitya – dravya is a constant entity. It does not change according to climate, timing, place, whereas properties of a drvya do.
== Classification ==
== Classification ==
Based on origin,
Based on origin,
तत् पुनस्त्रिविधं प्रोक्तं जङ्गमौद्भिदपार्थिवम् | (ch.su.1.67)
तत् पुनस्त्रिविधं प्रोक्तं जङ्गमौद्भिदपार्थिवम् | (ch.su.1.67)
Parthiva dravya (mineral origin) – naturally occurring inorganic substances like parad (mercury), gandhak(sulphur) etc
Parthiva dravya (mineral origin) – naturally occurring inorganic substances like parad (mercury), gandhak(sulphur) etc
== References ==