Changes

== Definition ==

== Definition ==

The term guna has been defined at many places in Ayurveda treatises. Although the concept of guna as one of the padartha is similar to Darshana shastras there are some minute differences owing to the nature of Ayurveda where their practical application is highly important in the treatment and diagnosis parts.  

The term guna has been defined at many places in Ayurveda treatises. Although the concept of guna as one of the padartha is similar to Darshana shastras there are some minute differences owing to the nature of Ayurveda where their practical application is highly important in the treatment and diagnosis parts. <blockquote>...समवायी तु निश्चेष्टः कारणं गुणः ॥ (Char. Samh. 1. 51)<ref name=":0">Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 1 Sutra 49-51)</ref> </blockquote>That which is in perpetual co inherence with the dravya(substance) and which is motionless, or which is devoid of action is termed as guna.<blockquote>समवायोऽपृथग्भावो भूम्यादीनां गुणैर्मतः| स नित्यो यत्र हि द्रव्यं न तत्रानियतो गुणः॥ (Char. Samh. 1. 51)<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>There is perpetual and inseparable relationship of a dravya with its guna. There is no existence of dravya without its guna, thus this relationship is eternal and hence a dravya(substance) cannot exist or act without its guna(properties)

 

* ...समवायी तु निश्चेष्टः कारणं गुणः||५१|| Cha Su 1. 51

 

That which is in perpetual co inherence with the dravya(substance) and which is motionless, or which is devoid of action is termed as guna.

 

* समवायोऽपृथग्भावो भूम्यादीनां गुणैर्मतः| स नित्यो यत्र हि द्रव्यं न तत्रानियतो गुणः|| (cha. Su. 1/50)

 

There is perpetual and inseparable relationship of a dravya with its guna. There is no existence of dravya without its guna, thus this relationship is eternal and hence a dravya(substance) cannot exist or act without its guna(properties)

== Types ==

== Types ==

Acharya chakrapani has categorised guna in three ways,

Acharya chakrapani has categorized gunas in three ways,

          …. अनेन त्रिविधा अपि वैशेषिकाः सामान्या आत्मगुणाश्चोद्दिष्टाः (cha. Su. 1.49)

          …. अनेन त्रिविधा अपि वैशेषिकाः सामान्या आत्मगुणाश्चोद्दिष्टाः ॥ (Char. Samh. 1. 49)<ref name=":0" />

# Vaisheshik guna  

# Vaisheshik guna  

For better understanding of gunas, Acharya charka in sutrasthana has described two basic categories of guna. The total number of gunas is believed to be 41.  

For better understanding of gunas, Acharya charka in sutrasthana has described two basic categories of guna. The total number of gunas is believed to be 41.  

<blockquote>सार्था गुर्वादयो बुद्धिः प्रयत्नान्ताः परादयः| गुणाः प्रोक्ताः ...|४९| Cha Su 1. 49</blockquote>Meaning: Sartha, Gurvadi, Buddhi-prayatnanata and Paradi (sets of gunas) are (total 41 types of qualities) called as gunas. <blockquote>“अर्थाः शब्दादयो ज्ञेया गोचरा विषया गुणाः” (शा.अ.१) इति| Cha. Sha 1 , Cha su 1.49 Chakra com</blockquote>Meaning: Sound etc. qualities that can be perceived by (5) sense organs are known as arthas (subjects or the sense organs).

<blockquote>सार्था गुर्वादयो बुद्धिः प्रयत्नान्ताः परादयः| गुणाः प्रोक्ताः ...॥ (Char. Samh. 1. 49)<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Meaning: Sartha, Gurvadi, Buddhi-prayatnanata and Paradi (sets of gunas) are (total 41 types of qualities) called as gunas. <blockquote>“अर्थाः शब्दादयो ज्ञेया गोचरा विषया गुणाः” (शा.अ.१) इति॥ (Chakrapani commentary on Char. Samh. 1. 49)<ref name=":0" /><ref>Charaka Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 1)</ref> </blockquote>Meaning: Sound etc. qualities that can be perceived by (5) sense organs are known as arthas (subjects or the sense organs).

Gurvadi (A.H.1.18)

Gurvadi (A.H.1.18)

The samskrit term Paradi can be spit into 2 parts viz. Para-one of the gunas & Adi-etc. Thus Paradi gunas refer to the set of gunas starting from the guna called as 'Para'. These are 10 gunas in number.  

The samskrit term Paradi can be spit into 2 parts viz. Para-one of the gunas & Adi-etc. Thus Paradi gunas refer to the set of gunas starting from the guna called as 'Para'. These are 10 gunas in number.  

Acharya charaka has described these gunas as belows,<blockquote>परापरत्वे युक्तिश्च सङ्ख्या संयोग एव च| विभागश्च पृथक्त्वं च परिमाणमथापि च||२९||

Acharya charaka has described these gunas as belows,<blockquote>परापरत्वे युक्तिश्च सङ्ख्या संयोग एव च| विभागश्च पृथक्त्वं च परिमाणमथापि च॥

संस्कारोऽभ्यास इत्येते गुणा ज्ञेयाः परादयः| (char. sutr.26.29)</blockquote>

संस्कारोऽभ्यास इत्येते गुणा ज्ञेयाः परादयः॥ (Char. Samh. 26.29)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 26 Sutra 29)</ref></blockquote>

Meaning: Paratva, Aparatva, Yukti, Samkhya, Samyoga, Vibhaga, Prthaktva, Parinama, Samskara and Abhyasa are known as Paradi gunas.  

Meaning: Paratva, Aparatva, Yukti, Samkhya, Samyoga, Vibhaga, Prthaktva, Parinama, Samskara and Abhyasa are known as Paradi gunas.  

==== Paratva ॥ Superiority ====

==== Paratva ॥ Superiority ====

<blockquote>तच्च परत्वं प्रधानत्वम्,</blockquote>Paratva means superiority. This guna is essential while selecting a particular species of dravya in treatment as of which is superior.

<blockquote>तच्च परत्वं प्रधानत्वम् </blockquote>Paratva means superiority. This guna is essential while selecting a particular species of dravya in treatment as of which is superior.

==== Aparavtva ॥ Inferiority ====

==== Aparavtva ॥ Inferiority ====

==== Yukti ॥ Rationality ====

==== Yukti ॥ Rationality ====

<blockquote>युक्तिश्च योजना या तु युज्यते|| (char. sutr.26.31)

<blockquote>युक्तिश्च योजना या तु युज्यते॥ (Char. Samh. 26.31)

युक्तिश्चेत्यादौ योजना दोषाद्यपेक्षया भेषजस्य समीचीनकल्पना|| (char. sutr.26.31, chakra)</blockquote>Considering dosha etc aspects the rational application of a dravya for treatment is yukti.

युक्तिश्चेत्यादौ योजना दोषाद्यपेक्षया भेषजस्य समीचीनकल्पना ॥ (Char. Samh. 26.31, chakra)</blockquote>Considering dosha etc aspects the rational application of a dravya for treatment is yukti.

==== Sankhya ॥ Number ====

==== Sankhya ॥ Number ====

<blockquote>सङ्ख्या स्याद्गणितं (chr. sutr.26.32)</blockquote>Enumeration of any dravya, disease, etc is sankhya.

<blockquote>सङ्ख्या स्याद्गणितं ॥ (Char. Samh. 26.32)</blockquote>Enumeration of any dravya, disease, etc is sankhya.

==== Samyoga ॥ Combination ====

==== Samyoga ॥ Combination ====

<blockquote>योगः सह संयोग उच्यते</blockquote>The conjunction between two dravya is known as sanyoga.

<blockquote>योगः सह संयोग उच्यते</blockquote>The conjunction between two dravya is known as sanyoga.

It is further of 3 types,<blockquote>द्रव्याणां द्वन्द्वसर्वैककर्मजोऽनित्य एव च|</blockquote>Dvandvakarmaja

It is further of 3 types,<blockquote>द्रव्याणां द्वन्द्वसर्वैककर्मजोऽनित्य एव च॥

 

==== Vibhaga ॥ Disjunction ====

==== Vibhaga ॥ Disjunction ====

Disjunction is known as vibhaga.<blockquote>द्रव्याणां द्वन्द्वसर्वैककर्मजोऽनित्य एव च|</blockquote>Its is of 3 types

Disjunction is known as vibhaga.<blockquote>द्रव्याणां द्वन्द्वसर्वैककर्मजोऽनित्य एव च|</blockquote>Like Samyoga, Vibhaga is also of 3 types

Vibhakti

# Vibhakti

 

# Viyog

Viyog

# Bhagasho graha

 

Bhagasho graha

==== Prthakatva ॥ Separation ====

==== Prthakatva ॥ Separation ====

<blockquote>पृथक्त्वं तु ‘इदं द्रव्यं पटलक्षणं, घटात् पृथग्’ इत्यादिका बुद्धिर्यतो भवति</blockquote>The property which separates one dravya from another is pruthakatva.<blockquote>पृथक्त्वं स्यादसंयोगो वैलक्षण्यमनेकता||</blockquote>It is of further 3 types

<blockquote>पृथक्त्वं तु ‘इदं द्रव्यं पटलक्षणं, घटात् पृथग्’ इत्यादिका बुद्धिर्यतो भवति</blockquote>The property which separates one dravya from another is pruthakatva.<blockquote>पृथक्त्वं स्यादसंयोगो वैलक्षण्यमनेकता|

 

 

==== Parimana ॥ Measurement ====

==== Parimana ॥ Measurement ====

<blockquote>मानं प्रस्थाढकादितुलादिमेयम्</blockquote>The weight or length etc of dravya must be measured, which is with the help of parimaan guna.

<blockquote>मानं प्रस्थाढकादितुलादिमेयम्</blockquote>The weight or length etc of dravya must be measured, which is with the help of parimaan guna.

The guna because of which there is conversion in the form of  dravya due to application of a certain process is sanskar.

The guna because of which there is conversion in the form of  dravya due to application of a certain process is sanskar.

Vaisheshika darshana states 3 types of sanskar,<blockquote>संस्कारस्त्रिविधो वेगो भावना स्थितिस्थापकश्च| (prashastapada)</blockquote>Veg(impulse)

Vaisheshika darshana states 3 types of sanskar,<blockquote>संस्कारस्त्रिविधो वेगो भावना स्थितिस्थापकश्च| (prashastapada)</blockquote>Samskara is of 3 types.

Bhavana(impression)

 

# Bhavana(impression)

Sthithisthapak(elasticity)

# Sthithisthapak(elasticity)

==== Abhayasa ॥ Practice ====

==== Abhayasa ॥ Practice ====

<blockquote>भावाभ्यसनमभ्यासः शीलनं सततक्रिया|</blockquote>Usage or practice of a same dravya or padhrtha again and again is abhayasa

<blockquote>भावाभ्यसनमभ्यासः शीलनं सततक्रिया|</blockquote>Usage or practice of a same dravya or padartha again and again is abhayasa

=== Adhyatmik guna ===

=== Adhyatmik guna ===

== Guna importance in chikitsa ==

== Guna importance in chikitsa ==

There is presence of guruvaadi guna in shareera dhatus, and in the same way in aushadh dravya and ahara(food). (char. shar.6.10)

There is presence of guruvaadi guna in shareera dhatus, and in the same way in aushadh dravya and ahara(food). (char. shar.6.10)

Guna(properties) are not situated within themselves, thus a physician must consider the gunas of rasas as the gunas of dravyas. (ch.su.26.36)

Guna(properties) are not situated within themselves, thus a physician must consider the gunas of rasas as the gunas of dravyas. (ch.su.26.36)

[[Category:Ayurveda]]

[[Category:Ayurveda]]