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Line 11: − + − + − + − + − − − + − 1. Vaisheshik guna + + + + + − 2. Samanya guna − Which is further classified into,+ − Guruvaadi guna+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − Paradi guna+ + − 3. Atmaguna+ + − Types+ − सार्था गुर्वादयो बुद्धिः प्रयत्नान्ताः परादयः|+ − गुणाः प्रोक्ताः ...|४९| Cha Su 1. 49+ − For better understanding of gunas, Acharya charka in sutrasthana has described two basic categories of guna+ − Adibhautik+ − Samanya + − Guruvaadi (A.H.1.18)+ − Guru-Laghu+ − + − Snigdha-Ruksha + − Manda-Teekshna + − Sthira-Sara + − Mrudu-Kathina + − Picchila-Vishada + − Shlakshna-Khara + − Sthula-Sukshma + − Sandra-Drava + − Paradi+ − Paratva+ − Aparatva+ − Yukti+ − Sankhya+ − Sanyoga+ − Vibhaga+ − Pruthaktva+ − Parimaan+ − Sanskar+ − Abhyasa+ − Vishesha+ − Shabda+ − Sparsha+ − Rupa+ − Rasa+ − Gandha+ − Adhyatmik + − Iccha+ − Dvesha+ − Sukha+ − Dukkha+ − Praytna+ − Buddhi+ − These in total are 41 in number,+ − GUNA+ − + − ADIBHOUTIK ADHYATMIK+ − + − + − SAMANYA VISHESHA+ − SHABDA+ − SPARSHA+ − RUPA+ − RASA+ − GURUVAADI PARADI GANDHA+ − GURU-LAGHU PARATVA+ − SHEETA-USHNA APARAVTA+ − SNIGDHA-RUKSHA YUKTI+ − MANDA-TEEKSHNA SANKHYA+ − STHIRA-SARA SANYOGA+ − MRUDU-KATHINA VIBHAGA+ − PICCHILA-VISHADA PRUTHAKATVA+ − SHLAKSHNA-KHARA PARIMAAN+ − STHULA-SUKSHMA SANSKAAR+ − SANDRA-DRAVA ABHYASA+ − Guruvaadi guna+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − Guru guna(heaviness) − The quality of a dravya which is brimhana in nature and provides strength to the body. (A.H SU.1.18.HEM)+ + + + + − Bhautitkta − There is prithvi and jala mahabhuta dominance in guru guna.+ − (madhura rasa,Madhur vipaka and sheeta veerya have guru guna)+ − Laghu (A.H SU.1.18.HEM)+ − The quality of a dravya which brings lightness to the body is laghu guna. + − Bhautikta+ − There is Akasha, vaayu, agni mahabhuta dominance in laghu guna.+ − Sheeta guna (+ − That which brings coldness in the body is sheeta guna+ − Bhautitkatva+ − Jala and vayu are the mahabhuta dominant in sheeta guna.+ − Ushna+ − That which increases warmth or hotness inside the body is ushna guna. This property is also responsible for producing sweat in body.+ − Bhautikatva+ − There is agni mahabhuta dominance in ushna guna+ − Snigdha+ − That which produces unctuousness and softness in body is Snigdha guna.+ − Bhautikatva+ − There is jala mahabhuta predominance in snigdha guna+ − Ruksha − The quality of a dravya responsible for producing dryness in the body is ruksha guna.+ − Bhautikatva+ − There is vayu and agni dominance in ruksha guna+ − Manda+ − That which is responsible for pacifying the increased dosha is manda guna.+ − Bhautikatva+ − There is prithvi and jala mahabhuta predominance in manda guna.+ − Teekshna (sharp) − That which is responsible for purificatory actions is teekshna guna. (A.H.su.1.18)+ − Bhautikatva+ − There is agni mahabhuta predominance in teekshna guna+ − Sthira (stability)+ − That which brings about stability in the body and helps maintaining it is sthira guna.+ − Bhautikatva+ − There is prithvi mahabhuta dominant in this guna.+ − Sara (mobility)+ − That which brings about mobility or instability in the body is sara guna. − Bhautikatva+ − There is jala and vayu mahabhuta predominance in this guna.+ − Mrudu(soft)+ − That which brings softness in the body is mrudu guna. − Bhautikatva+ − There is jala mahanbhuta predominance in this guna.+ − Kathina(hard)+ − That which produces stiffness and toughness in the body is kathina guna.+ − Bhautikatva+ − There is pritvi mahabhuta predominance in this guna.+ − Vishada+ − That which has strength to clean or wash down the sliminess is vishada guna. − Bhautikatva+ − There is prithvi, vaayu mahabhuta dominance in this guna+ − Adhyatmik guna + + Line 286:
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Gunas or Qualities : An Ayurvedic perspective (आयुर्वेदे गुणाः) (view source)
Revision as of 00:36, 23 October 2021
, 00:36, 23 October 2021no edit summary
The word guna is derived from
The word guna is derived from
“Guna Amantrane”
“Guna Amantrane”
which translates as 'to attract or invite'. The Guna (quality) is that property of a substance to which one gets attracted towards that substance. In short guna is the criteria for selection of any dravya (substance) for use to get desired action and result.
which translates as 'to attract or invite'. The Guna (quality) is that property of a substance to which one gets attracted towards that substance. In short guna is the criteria for selection of any dravya (substance) for use to get desired action and result.
The term guna has been defined at many places in Ayurveda treatises. Although the concept of guna as one of the padartha is similar to Darshana shastras there are some minute differences owing to the nature of Ayurveda where their practical application is highly important in the treatment and diagnosis parts.
The term guna has been defined at many places in Ayurveda treatises. Although the concept of guna as one of the padartha is similar to Darshana shastras there are some minute differences owing to the nature of Ayurveda where their practical application is highly important in the treatment and diagnosis parts.
“अर्थाः शब्दादयो ज्ञेया गोचरा विषया गुणाः” (शा.अ.१) इति| Cha. Sha 1 , Cha su 1.49 Chakra com
* “अर्थाः शब्दादयो ज्ञेया गोचरा विषया गुणाः” (शा.अ.१) इति| Cha. Sha 1 , Cha su 1.49 Chakra com
Meaning:
Meaning:
...समवायी तु निश्चेष्टः कारणं गुणः||५१|| Cha Su 1. 51
* ...समवायी तु निश्चेष्टः कारणं गुणः||५१|| Cha Su 1. 51
That which is in perpetual co inherence with the dravya(substance) and which is motionless, or which is devoid of action is termed as guna.
That which is in perpetual co inherence with the dravya(substance) and which is motionless, or which is devoid of action is termed as guna.
समवायोऽपृथग्भावो भूम्यादीनां गुणैर्मतः|
* समवायोऽपृथग्भावो भूम्यादीनां गुणैर्मतः| स नित्यो यत्र हि द्रव्यं न तत्रानियतो गुणः|| (cha. Su. 1/50)
स नित्यो यत्र हि द्रव्यं न तत्रानियतो गुणः|| (cha. Su. 1/50)
There is perpetual and inseparable relationship of a dravya with its guna. There is no existence of dravya without its guna, thus this relationship is eternal and hence a dravya(substance) cannot exist or act without its guna(properties)
There is perpetual and inseparable relationship of a dravya with its guna. There is no existence of dravya without its guna, thus this relationship is eternal and hence a dravya(substance) cannot exist or act without its guna(properties)
== Types ==
Acharya chakrapani has categorised guna in three ways,
Acharya chakrapani has categorised guna in three ways,
…. अनेन त्रिविधा अपि वैशेषिकाः सामान्या आत्मगुणाश्चोद्दिष्टाः (cha. Su. 1.49)
…. अनेन त्रिविधा अपि वैशेषिकाः सामान्या आत्मगुणाश्चोद्दिष्टाः (cha. Su. 1.49)
# Vaisheshik guna
# Samanya guna. Which is further classified into,
## Guruvaadi guna
## Paradi guna
# Atmaguna
For better understanding of gunas, Acharya charka in sutrasthana has described two basic categories of guna. The total number of gunas is believed to be 41.
<blockquote>सार्था गुर्वादयो बुद्धिः प्रयत्नान्ताः परादयः| गुणाः प्रोक्ताः ...|४९| Cha Su 1. 49</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sr No
!Sartha
!Gurvadi (A.H.1.18)
!Paradi
|-
|1
|Shabda
|Guru
|Paratva
|-
|2
|Sparsha
|Laghu
|Aparatva
|-
|3
|Rupa
|Manda
|Yukti
|-
|4
|Rasa
|Teekshna
|Samkhya
|-
|5
|Gandha
|Shita
|Samyoga
|-
|6
|
|Ushna
|Vibhaga
|-
|7
|
|Snigdha
|Pruthakatva
|-
|8
|
|Ruksha
|Pariman
|-
|9
|
|Shlakshna
|Samskara
|-
|10
|
|Khara
|Abhyasa
|-
|11
|
|Sandra
|
|-
|12
|
|Drava
|
|-
|13
|
|Mrudu
|
|-
|14
|
|Kathina
|
|-
|15
|
|Sthira
|
|-
|16
|
|Chala
|
|-
|17
|
|Sukshma
|
|-
|18
|
|Sthula
|
|-
|19
|
|Vishada
|
|-
|
|
|Picchila
|
|}
== Brief Explanation about gunas ==
All the gunas included in 3 categories are useful while assessing the imbalances in the body, diagnosing and planning management.
=== Guruvadi guna ===
Guru guna(heaviness)
The quality of a dravya which is brimhana in nature and provides strength to the body. (A.H SU.1.18.HEM)
Bhautitkta
There is prithvi and jala mahabhuta dominance in guru guna.
(madhura rasa,Madhur vipaka and sheeta veerya have guru guna)
Laghu (A.H SU.1.18.HEM)
The quality of a dravya which brings lightness to the body is laghu guna.
Bhautikta
There is Akasha, vaayu, agni mahabhuta dominance in laghu guna.
Sheeta-Ushna
Sheeta guna (
That which brings coldness in the body is sheeta guna
Bhautitkatva
Jala and vayu are the mahabhuta dominant in sheeta guna.
Ushna
That which increases warmth or hotness inside the body is ushna guna. This property is also responsible for producing sweat in body.
Bhautikatva
There is agni mahabhuta dominance in ushna guna
Snigdha
That which produces unctuousness and softness in body is Snigdha guna.
Bhautikatva
There is jala mahabhuta predominance in snigdha guna
Ruksha
The quality of a dravya responsible for producing dryness in the body is ruksha guna.
Bhautikatva
There is vayu and agni dominance in ruksha guna
Manda
That which is responsible for pacifying the increased dosha is manda guna.
Bhautikatva
There is prithvi and jala mahabhuta predominance in manda guna.
Teekshna (sharp)
That which is responsible for purificatory actions is teekshna guna. (A.H.su.1.18)
Bhautikatva
There is agni mahabhuta predominance in teekshna guna
Sthira (stability)
That which brings about stability in the body and helps maintaining it is sthira guna.
Bhautikatva
There is prithvi mahabhuta dominant in this guna.
Sara (mobility)
That which brings about mobility or instability in the body is sara guna.
Bhautikatva
There is jala and vayu mahabhuta predominance in this guna.
Mrudu(soft)
That which brings softness in the body is mrudu guna.
Bhautikatva
There is jala mahanbhuta predominance in this guna.
Kathina(hard)
That which produces stiffness and toughness in the body is kathina guna.
Bhautikatva
There is pritvi mahabhuta predominance in this guna.
Vishada
That which has strength to clean or wash down the sliminess is vishada guna.
Bhautikatva
There is prithvi, vaayu mahabhuta dominance in this guna
Adhyatmik guna
In ref with tarka samgraha
Iccha
इच्छा कामः॥
Any kind of desire, wish or intentions is known as iccha.
Dvesha
क्रोधो द्वेषः॥
Any kind of anger leads to dvesha or enimity.
Praytna
कृतिः प्रयत्नः॥
A deed to be done or action leading an outcome is praytna.
Sukha
सर्वेषामनुकूलतया वेदनीयं सुखम्॥
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Guna
!
!Panchamahabhuta dominance
|-
|Guru(heavy)
|
|prthvi and jala
|-
|Laghu(light)
|
|Akasha, vayu, agni
|-
|Sheeta(cold)
|
|Jala, vayu
|-
|Ushna(hot)
|
|agni
|-
|Snigdha(unctuous)
|
|Jala
|-
|Ruksha(dry)
|
|Vayu, agni
|-
|Manda(mild)
|
|Prthvi, jala
|-
|Teekshna(sharp)
|
|Agni
|-
|Sthira(stable)
|
|Prthvi
|-
|Sara(unstable)
|
|Jala, vayu
|-
|Mrudu(soft)
|
|jala
|-
|Kathina(hard)
|
|Prthvi
|-
|Vishada(non-slimy)
|
|Vayu
|-
|Picchila(slimy)
|
|Jala,vayu
|-
|Slakshna(smooth)
|
|Jala
|-
|Khara(rough)
|
|vaayu
|-
|Sukshma(tiny)
|
|agni, vayu and akasha
|-
|Sthula(coarse)
|
|Prthvi
|-
|Saandra(solid)
|
|Prthvi
|-
|Drava(liquid)
|
|Jala
|}
=== '''Paradi Guna''' ===
परापरत्वे युक्तिश्च सङ्ख्या संयोग एव च| विभागश्च पृथक्त्वं च परिमाणमथापि च||२९||
संस्कारोऽभ्यास इत्येते गुणा ज्ञेयाः परादयः| (char. sutr.26.29)
Paratva
तच्च परत्वं प्रधानत्वम्,
Paratva means superiority.This guna is essential while selecting a particular specie of dravya in treatment as of which is superior.
Aparavtva(inferiority)
अपरत्वम् अप्रधानत्वम्|
The opposite of paratva is aparatva, which means inferior. Again, a dravya which is inferior in specie is apara, thus this helps while selecting a dravya.
Yukti (rationality)
युक्तिश्च योजना या तु युज्यते|| (char. sutr.26.31)
युक्तिश्चेत्यादौ योजना दोषाद्यपेक्षया भेषजस्य समीचीनकल्पना|| (char. sutr.26.31, chakra)
Considering dosha etc aspects the rational application of a dravya for treatment is yukti.
Sankhya (number)
सङ्ख्या स्याद्गणितं (chr. sutr.26.32)
Enumeration of any dravya, disease, etc is sankhya.
Sanyoga
योगः सह संयोग उच्यते
The conjunction between two dravya is known as sanyoga.
It is further of 3 types,
द्रव्याणां द्वन्द्वसर्वैककर्मजोऽनित्य एव च|
Dvandvakarmaja
Sarvakarmaja
Ekakarmaja
Vibhaga(disjunction)
Disjunction is known as vibhaga.
द्रव्याणां द्वन्द्वसर्वैककर्मजोऽनित्य एव च|
Its is of 3 types
Vibhakti
Viyog
Bhagasho graha
Pruthakatva (separate)
पृथक्त्वं तु ‘इदं द्रव्यं पटलक्षणं, घटात् पृथग्’ इत्यादिका बुद्धिर्यतो भवति
The property which separates one dravya from another is pruthakatva.
पृथक्त्वं स्यादसंयोगो वैलक्षण्यमनेकता||
It is of further 3 types
Asamyoga
Vaylakshanya
Anekata
Parimaan (measurement)
मानं प्रस्थाढकादितुलादिमेयम्
The weight or length etc of dravya must be measured, which is with the help of parimaan guna.
Sanskar(processing)
The guna because of which there is conversion in the form of dravya due to application of a certain process is sanskar.
Vaisheshika darshana states 3 types of sanskar,
संस्कारस्त्रिविधो वेगो भावना स्थितिस्थापकश्च| (prashastapada)
Veg(impulse)
Bhavana(impression)
Sthithisthapak(elasticity)
Abhayasa (practice)
भावाभ्यसनमभ्यासः शीलनं सततक्रिया|
Usage or practice of a same dravya or padhrtha again and again is abhayasa
=== '''Adhyatmik guna''' ===
In ref with tarka samgraha
In ref with tarka samgraha
इच्छा कामः॥
इच्छा कामः॥
Any kind of desire, wish or intentions is known as iccha.
Any kind of desire, wish or intentions is known as iccha.
Dvesha
Dvesha
सर्वेषामनुकूलतया वेदनीयं सुखम्॥
सर्वेषामनुकूलतया वेदनीयं सुखम्॥
The pleasant effect or feeling is sukha.
Dukkha
सर्वेषां प्रतिकूलतया वेदनीयं दुःखम्॥
That which causes unpleasant feeling is dukkha.
Buddhi
Buddhi is intelligence,
It is further of 2 types,
Nitya
Anitya
== Guna importance in chikitsa ==
There is presence of guruvaadi guna in shareera dhatus, and in the same way in aushadh dravya and ahara(food). (char. shar.6.10)
There is presence of guruvaadi guna in shareera dhatus, and in the same way in aushadh dravya and ahara(food). (char. shar.6.10)