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Mrutyu (मृत्युः) is the samskrit term used to denote death. Ayurveda is known as the system of knowledge about life. Thus that point at which one's life ends i.e. death is also critically studied and described in Ayurveda treatises. Ayurveda treatises have not only meticulously described the pattern of reducing life span over the ages but also discussed the causes of differences in life span of individuals, role of karma and types of death. Charaka samhita (चरकसंहिता), the treatise on Ayurveda describes Mrutyu after the topic of [[Janapadodhwansa (जनपदोध्वंसः)|Janapadodhwansa]] (जनपदोध्वंसः) in Vimanasthanam (विमानस्थानम्).

Mrutyu (मृत्युः) is the samskrit term used to denote death. Ayurveda is known as the system of knowledge about life. Thus that point at which one's life ends i.e. death is also critically studied and described in Ayurveda treatises. Ayurveda treatises have not only meticulously described the pattern of reducing life span over the ages but also discussed the causes of differences in life span of individuals, role of karma and types of death. Charaka samhita (चरकसंहिता), the treatise on Ayurveda describes Mrutyu after the topic of [[Janapadodhwansa (जनपदोध्वंसः)|Janapadodhwansa]] (जनपदोध्वंसः) in Vimanasthanam (विमानस्थानम्).

== मृत्यु परिभाषा ॥ Definition of Mrutyu ==

== मृत्यु परिभाषा ॥ Definition of Mrutyu ==

Mrutyu has been defined on the basis of events happening at the time of Mrutyu according to Ayurveda. Dalhana, the commentator on Sushruta samhita has defined Mrutyu as below,<blockquote>मृत्युः शरीरेन्द्रियात्ममनसां वियोगः। <ref name=":0">alhana Commentary on Sushrut Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 1  Sutram 25 )</ref> (Dalhana, Sush. Samh. 1.25)</blockquote><blockquote>mr̥tyuḥ śarīrendriyātmamanasāṁ viyogaḥ । <ref name=":0" /> (Dalhana, Sush. Samh. 1.25)</blockquote>Meaning: Dissociation of link between Sharira, Indriyas, Atman and manas is called as Mrutyu. ह्

Mrutyu has been defined on the basis of events happening at the time of Mrutyu according to Ayurveda. Dalhana, the commentator on Sushruta samhita has defined Mrutyu as below,<blockquote>मृत्युः शरीरेन्द्रियात्ममनसां वियोगः। <ref name=":0">alhana Commentary on Sushrut Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 1  Sutram 25 )</ref> (Dalhana, Sush. Samh. 1.25)</blockquote><blockquote>mr̥tyuḥ śarīrendriyātmamanasāṁ viyogaḥ । <ref name=":0" /> (Dalhana, Sush. Samh. 1.25)</blockquote>Meaning: Dissociation of link between Sharira, Indriyas, Atman and manas is called as Mrutyu. ह्  

In order to understand the concept of Mrutyu described in Ayurveda, one must first understand that how Ayurveda defines [[Ayu (आयुः)|Ayu (आयुः]]) i.e. life. Ayu is the synonym for Jivitam (जीवितम्) or life. The union of [[Sharira (शरीरम्)|shariram]] (शरीरम्), [[Indriyas (इन्द्रियाणि)|indriyas]] (इन्द्रियाणि), [[Manas (मनः)|manas]] (मनः) and [[Atman (आत्मन्)|atman]] (आत्मा) is called as Ayu or life and thus Mrtyu is exactly the opposite of it. When this link is established and functional, the individual can interact with the outside world by gaining knowledge and responding appropriately. When the link is permanently broken, the individual can not interact with outside world and thus is called to have lost life.  

In order to understand the concept of Mrutyu described in Ayurveda, one must first understand that how Ayurveda defines [[Ayu (आयुः)|Ayu (आयुः]]) i.e. life. Ayu is the synonym for Jivitam (जीवितम्) or life. The union of [[Sharira (शरीरम्)|shariram]] (शरीरम्), [[Indriyas (इन्द्रियाणि)|indriyas]] (इन्द्रियाणि), [[Manas (मनः)|manas]] (मनः) and [[Atman (आत्मन्)|atman]] (आत्मा) is called as Ayu or life and thus Mrtyu is exactly the opposite of it. When this link is established and functional, the individual can interact with the outside world by gaining knowledge and responding appropriately. When the link is permanently broken, the individual can not interact with outside world and thus is called to have lost life.  

=== त्रेतायुगे पुरुषाणां आयुः तथा गुणाः ॥ Virtues, qualities and life span of living beings in Tretayuga ===

=== त्रेतायुगे पुरुषाणां आयुः तथा गुणाः ॥ Virtues, qualities and life span of living beings in Tretayuga ===

* '''Human beings:''' The humans in Tretayuga had already developed greed which then generated malice. Malice caused falsehood which then led to development of passion, anger, vanity, hatred, cruelty, aggression, fear, grief, anxiety, distress and the like. In this way, in Tretayuga, one-quarter of Dharma or righteousness in human beings disappeared. Subsequently life-span of humans reduced by a quarter.

* '''Human beings:''' The humans in Tretayuga had already developed greed which then generated malice. Malice caused falsehood which then led to development of passion, anger, vanity, hatred, cruelty, aggression, fear, grief, anxiety, distress and the like. In this way, in Tretayuga, one-quarter of Dharma or righteousness in human beings disappeared. Subsequently life-span of humans reduced by a quarter.

* '''Crops and other environmental constituents:''' Similarly, there was reduction in the attributes of earth, water etc., by a quarter. Because of the reduction of these attributes there was diminution by one quarter of the qualities of grains. In effect, this degradation impacted all aspects of living beings that were described to have existed in the Krtayuga or Satyayuga.

* '''Crops and other environmental constituents:''' Similarly, there was reduction in the attributes of earth, water etc., by a quarter. Because of the reduction of these attributes there was diminution by one quarter of the qualities of grains. In effect, this degradation impacted all aspects of living beings that were described to have existed in the Krutayuga or Satyayuga.

'''रोगाणां प्रागुत्पत्ति हेतवः ॥ Origin of diseases'''

'''रोगाणां प्रागुत्पत्ति हेतवः ॥ Origin of diseases'''

== Is the life span of an individual predetermined ? ==

== Is the life span of an individual predetermined ? ==

Charaka Samhita throws light on the question about whether the life span of the humans is predetermined or not. While addressing this question raised by one of the disciples, the factors that decide one's life span have been elaborated in Charka Samhita. Acharya Charaka denies the possibility of occurrence of predetermined life span. To support this, he says, if everyone's life were predetermined, there would not been any use of various therapeutic measures or code of conduct which proves beneficial for one's health and well-being. If the life-span in every case were predetermined, then none would be found to seek longevity by means of acts such as chanting mantra (मंत्रः) , sacrifices (बलिः), offerings (दानम्), oblations, regimen, atonement (प्रायश्चित्तम्), fasting and other purgative therapies, benedictory rites, genuflexion (the act of bending the knee in worship), pilgrimages and sacrificial rites. Multiple points have been discussed and put forward to support that life span is not predetermined.<ref>Available from [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Janapadodhvansaniya_Vimana#The_proof_of_the_indeterminateness_of_the_life_span charakasamhitaonline.com] </ref>

Charaka Samhita throws light on the question about whether the life span of the humans is predetermined or not. While addressing this question raised by one of the disciples, the factors that decide one's life span have been elaborated in Charaka Samhita. Acharya Charaka denies the possibility of occurrence of predetermined life span. To support this, he says, if everyone's life were predetermined, there would not been any use of various therapeutic measures or code of conduct which proves beneficial for one's health and well-being. If the life-span in every case were predetermined, then none would be found to seek longevity by means of acts such as chanting mantra (मंत्रः) , sacrifices (बलिः), offerings (दानम्), oblations, regimen, atonement (प्रायश्चित्तम्), fasting and other purgative therapies, benedictory rites, genuflexion (the act of bending the knee in worship), pilgrimages and sacrificial rites. Multiple points have been discussed and put forward to support that life span is not predetermined.<ref>Available from [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Janapadodhvansaniya_Vimana#The_proof_of_the_indeterminateness_of_the_life_span charakasamhitaonline.com] </ref>

Thus Ayurveda recommends that to obtain the desired life span, one should keep a control on karma generated from physical, psychological and vocal activities in this life and adopt appropriate methods to protect his life from various injurious elements.

Thus Ayurveda recommends that to obtain the desired life span, one should keep a control on karma generated from physical, psychological and vocal activities in this life and adopt appropriate methods to protect his life from various injurious elements.

== आयुः निर्धारणे दैवस्य तथा पुरुषाकारस्य बलाबलत्वम् '''॥''' Role of karma in deciding life span or death ==

== आयुः निर्धारणे दैवस्य तथा पुरुषाकारस्य बलाबलत्वम् '''॥''' Role of karma in deciding life span or death ==

It is said that, the Ayu of living beings is based on combined effect of Daiva (दैवम्) and Purushakara (पुरुषकार).  <blockquote>तं भगवानुवाच- इहाग्निवेश! भूतानामायुर्युक्तिमपेक्षते| दैवे पुरुषकारे च स्थितं ह्यस्य बलाबलम् | (Char. Samh. 3.29)<ref name=":3">Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 29)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''taṁ bhagavānuvāca- ihāgniveśa! bhūtānāmāyuryuktimapekṣate| daive puruṣakāre ca sthitaṁ hyasya balābalam'' | (Char. Samh. 3.29)<ref name=":3" /></blockquote>Acharyas have explained the meaning of terms Daiva and Purushakara as follows,    

It is said that, the Ayu of living beings is based on combined effect of Daiva (दैवम्) and Purushakara (पुरुषकार).  <blockquote>तं भगवानुवाच- इहाग्निवेश! भूतानामायुर्युक्तिमपेक्षते| दैवे पुरुषकारे च स्थितं ह्यस्य बलाबलम् | (Char. Samh. 3.29)<ref name=":3">Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 29)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''taṁ bhagavānuvāca- ihāgniveśa! bhūtānāmāyuryuktimapekṣate| daive puruṣakāre ca sthitaṁ hyasya balābalam'' | (Char. Samh. 3.29)<ref name=":3" /></blockquote>   

   <blockquote>दैवमात्मकृतं विद्यात् कर्म यत् पौर्वदैहिकम्| स्मृतः पुरुषकारस्तु क्रियते यदिहापरम्| (Char. Samh 3.30)<ref name=":4">Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 29)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''daivamātmakr̥taṁ vidyāt karma yat paurvadaihikam| smr̥taḥ puruṣakārastu kriyate yadihāparam|'' (Char. Samh 3.30)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Meaning: Daiva means one’s own deeds from the previous life while purushakara stands for one’s actions (deeds) in this life.  

 

   <blockquote>दैवमात्मकृतं विद्यात् कर्म यत् पौर्वदैहिकम्| स्मृतः पुरुषकारस्तु क्रियते यदिहापरम्| (Char. Samh 3.30)<ref name=":4">Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 29)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''daivamātmakr̥taṁ vidyāt karma yat paurvadaihikam| smr̥taḥ puruṣakārastu kriyate yadihāparam|'' (Char. Samh 3.30)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Meaning: Daiva means one’s own deeds from the previous life while purushakara stands for one’s actions (deeds) in this life.

Longevity or life span of a human being thus depends upon one's deeds in this as well as in previous life.  

Longevity or life span of a human being thus depends upon one's deeds in this as well as in previous life.  

== मृत्युभेदाः ॥ Types of Mrtyu ==

== मृत्युभेदाः ॥ Types of Mrtyu ==

Based on the manner in which a purusha succumbs to death or the causative factors behind one's death, Mrutyu is known to be of two types. The type of mrtyu which occurs as a result of natural process of ageing is called as Kala Mrtyu (काल मृत्युः | Natural death or timely death) while the type of death which occurs due to some unprecedented situation or some external factor like accident, injury or poison etc is called as Akala Mrtyu (अकाल मृत्युः | premature death or untimely death). Akala mrtyu is also called as Agantu type of Mrtyu by Acharya Sushruta. Agantu denotes external factor and thus untimely death is believed to be related to this factor. <blockquote>एकोत्तरं मृत्युशतमथर्वाणः प्रचक्षते || तत्रैकः कालसंयुक्तः शेषा आगन्तवः स्मृताः ...|| (Su su 34/6-7)<ref name=":6">Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 34 Sutra 6-7)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''ekottaraṁ mr̥tyuśatamatharvāṇaḥ pracakṣate || tatraikaḥ kālasaṁyuktaḥ śeṣā āgantavaḥ smr̥tāḥ ...|| (Su su 34/6-7)<ref name=":6" />''</blockquote>

Based on the manner in which a purusha succumbs to death or the causative factors behind one's death, Mrutyu is known to be of two types. The type of mrutyu which occurs as a result of natural process of ageing is called as Kala Mrutyu (काल मृत्युः | Natural death or timely death) while the type of death which occurs due to some unprecedented situation or some external factor like accident, injury or poison etc is called as Akala Mrtyu (अकाल मृत्युः | premature death or untimely death). Akala mrutyu is also called as Agantu type of Mrutyu by Acharya Sushruta. Agantu denotes external factor and thus untimely death is believed to be related to this factor. <blockquote>एकोत्तरं मृत्युशतमथर्वाणः प्रचक्षते || तत्रैकः कालसंयुक्तः शेषा आगन्तवः स्मृताः ...|| (Su su 34/6-7)<ref name=":6">Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 34 Sutra 6-7)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''ekottaraṁ mr̥tyuśatamatharvāṇaḥ pracakṣate || tatraikaḥ kālasaṁyuktaḥ śeṣā āgantavaḥ smr̥tāḥ ...|| (Su su 34/6-7)<ref name=":6" />''</blockquote>

=== कालमृत्युः '''॥''' Kala Mrtyu ===

=== कालमृत्युः '''॥''' Kala Mrtyu ===

Kala mrtyu denotes death by natural causes or death occurring as a consequence of natural ageing process of physical body. The physical body is called as [[Sharira (शरीरम्)|Shariram]] in Ayurveda which is defined as, 'the one which undergoes continuous degeneration'. Therefore, there comes a point of time in one's life where, the Shariram or physical body degenerates to a level at which it fails to maintain the connection with Indriyas (senses), manas (mind) and atma (life energy). Once this link between Shariram, manas, indriyas and life energy is broken, life can not continue. In other words, Mrtyu occurs due to disruption of link between these components due to natural process of ageing of physical body. This type of death is referred to as Kala Mrtyu. <blockquote>तथाऽऽयुः शरीरोपगतं बलवत्प्रकृत्या यथावदुपचर्यमाणं स्वप्रमाणक्षयादेवावसानं गच्छति; स मृत्युः काले | (Char. Samh 3.38)<ref name=":7">Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 38)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''tathā<nowiki>''</nowiki>yuḥ śarīropagataṁ balavatprakr̥tyā yathāvadupacaryamāṇaṁ svapramāṇakṣayādevāvasānaṁ gacchati; sa mr̥tyuḥ kāle | (Char. Samh 3.38)<ref name=":7" />''</blockquote>

Kala mrtyu denotes death by natural causes or death occurring as a consequence of natural ageing process of physical body. The physical body is called as [[Sharira (शरीरम्)|Shariram]] in Ayurveda which is defined as, 'the one which undergoes continuous degeneration'. Therefore, there comes a point of time in one's life where, the Shariram or physical body degenerates to a level at which it fails to maintain the connection with [[Indriyas (इन्द्रियाणि)|Indriyas]] (senses), [[Manas (मनः)|manas]] (mind) and [[Atman (आत्मन्)|atma]] (life energy). Once this link between Shariram, manas, indriyas and life energy is broken, life can not continue. In other words, Mrutyu occurs due to disruption of link between these components due to natural process of ageing of physical body. This type of death is referred to as Kala Mrutyu. <blockquote>तथाऽऽयुः शरीरोपगतं बलवत्प्रकृत्या यथावदुपचर्यमाणं स्वप्रमाणक्षयादेवावसानं गच्छति; स मृत्युः काले | (Char. Samh 3.38)<ref name=":7">Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 38)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''tathā<nowiki>''</nowiki>yuḥ śarīropagataṁ balavatprakr̥tyā yathāvadupacaryamāṇaṁ svapramāṇakṣayādevāvasānaṁ gacchati; sa mr̥tyuḥ kāle | (Char. Samh 3.38)<ref name=":7" />''</blockquote>

Dalhana, the commentator on Sushruta samhita, has quoted opinion of Vyasabhattaraka (व्यासभट्टारक आचार्य)) that, Akala Mrtyu does not occur in any case. Any death is Kala Mrtyu which occurs only when the right time of death specific to that individual has arrived. If that time has not arrived then even after numerous life threatening situations, that human does not die. On the similar line, if the right time of death for the person has arrived then even the otherwise trivial cause could become fatal for that person. Thus, all mrtyus are Kala mrutyus only.<blockquote>व्यासभट्टारकेणायुक्तं- “नाकाले म्रियते कच्चिद्विद्धः शरशतैरपि| कालप्राप्तस्य कौन्तेय! वज्रायन्ते तृणान्यपि”- इति| (Sush. Samh. 1.25)<ref name=":8">Dalhana Commentary on Sushruta Samhita (Adhyaya 1 Sutra 25)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''vyāsabhaṭṭārakeṇāyuktaṁ- "nākāle mriyate kaccidviddhaḥ śaraśatairapi| kālaprāptasya kaunteya! vajrāyante tr̥ṇānyapi"- iti|'' (Sush. Samh. 1.25)<ref name=":8" /></blockquote>

Dalhana, the commentator on Sushruta samhita, has quoted opinion of Vyasabhattaraka (व्यासभट्टारक आचार्य)) that, Akala Mrutyu does not occur in any case. Any death is Kala Mrutyu which occurs only when the right time of death specific to that individual has arrived. If that time has not arrived then even after numerous life threatening situations, that human does not die. On the similar line, if the right time of death for the person has arrived then even the otherwise trivial cause could become fatal for that person. Thus, all mrutyus are Kala mrutyus only.<blockquote>व्यासभट्टारकेणायुक्तं- “नाकाले म्रियते कच्चिद्विद्धः शरशतैरपि| कालप्राप्तस्य कौन्तेय! वज्रायन्ते तृणान्यपि”- इति| (Sush. Samh. 1.25)<ref name=":8">Dalhana Commentary on Sushruta Samhita (Adhyaya 1 Sutra 25)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''vyāsabhaṭṭārakeṇāyuktaṁ- "nākāle mriyate kaccidviddhaḥ śaraśatairapi| kālaprāptasya kaunteya! vajrāyante tr̥ṇānyapi"- iti|'' (Sush. Samh. 1.25)<ref name=":8" /></blockquote>

=== अकालमृत्युः '''॥''' Akala Mrtyu ===

=== अकालमृत्युः '''॥''' Akala Mrtyu ===

Akala Mrtyu is the type of death where death occurs accidentally or due to some external factor and not due to natural process of ageing. Thus, Akala mtyu refers to  untimely death. Acharyas have mentioned few causative factors which have potential to cause untimely death. These are the factors which should thus be avoided by those who wish to live healthy and long life. The factors that might cause untimely death are as below,<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 38)</ref>

Akala Mrtyu is the type of death where death occurs accidentally or due to some external factor and not due to natural process of ageing. Thus, Akala mtyu refers to  untimely death. Acharyas have mentioned few causative factors which have potential to cause untimely death. These are the factors which should thus be avoided by those who wish to live healthy and long life. The factors that might cause untimely death are as below,<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 38)</ref>

# Over-exertion or over-streching one's physical limits for a long time

# Over-exertion or over-stretching one's physical limits for a long time

# Eating without considering one's capacity to digest or eating in excess  

# Eating without considering one's capacity to digest or eating in excess  

# Irregular timings of meals  

# Irregular timings of meals  

# Avoiding food and medicines

# Avoiding food and medicines

# Inappropriate treatment of diseases like Jwara (ज्वरः)

# Inappropriate treatment of diseases like Jwara (ज्वरः)

From all the above casuses the physical body of the humans is damaged and undergoes rapid degeneration due to imbalances of [[Doshas (दोषाः)|doshas]] (दोषाः) an [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatus]] (धातवः). In this manner, one's life may come to the end prematurely and thus is called as Akala Mrtyu or untimely death. <blockquote>मृत्युरप्यकालजः प्रतिकार्यः | (Sush. Samh. 1.25)<ref name=":8" /></blockquote><blockquote>''mr̥tyurapyakālajaḥ pratikāryaḥ'' | (Sush. Samh. 1.25)<ref name=":8" /></blockquote>Dalhana has explained the possibility of untimely death and its similarity with some other natural phenomena. He says like there is possibility od untimely rains, flowering of a plant without season or fruiting without season sometimes, similarly there also exists a possibility of untimely death. <blockquote>“यथा वर्षमकाले च यथा पुष्पं यथा फलम्| यथा स्याद्दीपनिर्वाणमकाले मरणं तथा”- इति| व्यासवचनमप्यर्जुनप्रोत्साहकमकालमृत्युस्थापकं दृश्यते; तथाहि- “जलमग्निर्विषं शस्त्रं स्त्रियो राजकुलानि च| अकालमृत्यवो ह्येते तेभ्यो बिभ्यति पण्डिताः”- इति| (Sush. Samh. 1.25)<ref name=":8" /></blockquote><blockquote>''"yathā varṣamakāle ca yathā puṣpaṁ yathā phalam| yathā syāddīpanirvāṇamakāle maraṇaṁ tathā"- iti| vyāsavacanamapyarjunaprotsāhakamakālamr̥tyusthāpakaṁ dr̥śyate; tathāhi- "jalamagnirviṣaṁ śastraṁ striyo rājakulāni ca| akālamr̥tyavo hyete tebhyo bibhyati paṇḍitāḥ"- iti|'' (Sush. Samh. 1.25)<ref name=":8" /></blockquote>

From all the above causes the physical body of humans is damaged and it undergoes rapid degeneration due to imbalances of [[Doshas (दोषाः)|doshas]] (दोषाः) and [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatus]] (धातवः). In this manner, due to inability of physical body to sustain, one's lifespan may come to an end prematurely then such type of death is called as Akala Mrtyu or untimely death. Thus such type of akala mrutyu is preventable if proper care of body is taken as per Sushruta.  <blockquote>मृत्युरप्यकालजः प्रतिकार्यः | (Sush. Samh. 1.25)<ref name=":8" /></blockquote><blockquote>''mr̥tyurapyakālajaḥ pratikāryaḥ'' | (Sush. Samh. 1.25)<ref name=":8" /></blockquote>Dalhana, the commentator of Sushruta Samhita has explained the possibility of untimely death and its similarity with some other natural phenomena. He says like there is possibility of untimely rains, flowering of a plant without season or fruiting without season sometimes, similarly there also exists a possibility of untimely death. <blockquote>“यथा वर्षमकाले च यथा पुष्पं यथा फलम्| यथा स्याद्दीपनिर्वाणमकाले मरणं तथा”- इति| व्यासवचनमप्यर्जुनप्रोत्साहकमकालमृत्युस्थापकं दृश्यते; तथाहि- “जलमग्निर्विषं शस्त्रं स्त्रियो राजकुलानि च| अकालमृत्यवो ह्येते तेभ्यो बिभ्यति पण्डिताः”- इति| (Dalhana, Sush. Samh. 1.25)<ref name=":8" /></blockquote><blockquote>''"yathā varṣamakāle ca yathā puṣpaṁ yathā phalam| yathā syāddīpanirvāṇamakāle maraṇaṁ tathā"- iti| vyāsavacanamapyarjunaprotsāhakamakālamr̥tyusthāpakaṁ dr̥śyate; tathāhi- "jalamagnirviṣaṁ śastraṁ striyo rājakulāni ca| akālamr̥tyavo hyete tebhyo bibhyati paṇḍitāḥ"- iti|'' (Sush. Samh. 1.25)<ref name=":8" /></blockquote>

== References ==

== References ==

[[Category:Ayurveda]]

[[Category:Ayurveda]]

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