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=== कीर्तनम् ॥ Kirtana ===

=== कीर्तनम् ॥ Kirtana ===

Kirtana refers to singing the name and glories of the Supreme Being.<ref name=":6" /> It is said that in the Kali Yuga, Moksha is attained by Kirtana or singing the praises of the Supreme.<ref name=":9" /> The Kali Satarana Upanishad belonging to the Krishna Yajurveda says that at the end of the Dvapara Yuga, Narada approached Brahma and requested him to enlighten him on the path he should follow to alleviate the detrimental effects of Kali Yuga. At that time, Brahma said that by way of taking the name of the Supreme Being Narayana, all the tribulations of Kali Yuga will be washed away.<ref name=":12">Bijoy Ghosh (2018), [https://www.anantaajournal.com/archives/2018/vol4issue1/PartB/4-1-22-454.pdf A Critical study of the Vaisnavaite Upanisads of later origin], International Journal of Sanskrit Research.</ref><blockquote>भगवत आदिपुरुषस्य नारायणस्य नामोच्चारणमात्रेण निर्धूतकलिर्भवतीति ॥ १ ॥<ref name=":13" /></blockquote><blockquote>''bhagavata ādipuruṣasya nārāyaṇasya nāmoccāraṇamātreṇa nirdhūtakalirbhavatīti ॥ 1 ॥''</blockquote>Moreover, it enumerates the sixteen worded mantra to be chanted, its greatness and effect as follows:<ref name=":12" /><blockquote>हरे राम हरे राम राम राम हरे हरे । हरे कृष्ण हरे कृष्ण कृष्ण कृष्ण हरे हरे ॥</blockquote><blockquote>इति षोडशकं नाम्नां कलिकल्मषनाशनम् । नातः परतरोपायः सर्ववेदेषु दृश्यते ॥<ref name=":13">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D Kali Santarana Upanishad]</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''hare rāma hare rāma rāma rāma hare hare । hare kr̥ṣṇa hare kr̥ṣṇa kr̥ṣṇa kr̥ṣṇa hare hare ॥''</blockquote><blockquote>''iti ṣoḍaśakaṁ nāmnāṁ kalikalmaṣanāśanam । nātaḥ parataropāyaḥ sarvavedeṣu dr̥śyate ॥''</blockquote>The Brhannaradiya Purana also mentions the name of 'Hari' as the sole redeemer of people in the age of Kali. For, Kali fails to affect those engaged in the chanting of the name of Hari.<blockquote>हरिनामपरान् मर्त्यान् न कलिर्बाधते क्वचित् ॥१२६॥ हरेर्नामैव नामैव नामैव मम जीवनम् । कलौ नास्त्येव नास्त्येव नास्त्येव गतिरन्यथा ॥१२७॥<ref>Pandita Hrishikeshashastri (1975), [https://archive.org/details/BrihanNaradiyaPurana/page/n561/mode/1up Brhannaradiya Puranam], Varanasi: Chaukhamba Amarabharati Prakashan.</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''harināmaparān martyān na kalirbādhate kvacit ॥126॥ harernāmaiva nāmaiva nāmaiva mama jīvanam । kalau nāstyeva nāstyeva nāstyeva gatiranyathā ॥127॥''</blockquote>

Kirtana refers to singing the name and glories of the Supreme Being.<ref name=":6" /> The Shiva Purana explains that loudly and cheerfully proclaiming the details of the Supreme Being's manifestations and activities, after having envisaged the same in the mind, is referred to as Kirtana or Eulogising.<ref name=":14" /> It says,<blockquote>हृदाकाशेन संपश्यञ् जन्मकर्माणि वै मम ।। प्रीत्याचोच्चारणं तेषामेतत्कीर्तनमुच्यते ।। २.२.२३.२६ ।।<ref name=":15" /></blockquote><blockquote>''hr̥dākāśena saṁpaśyañ janmakarmāṇi vai mama ।। prītyācoccāraṇaṁ teṣāmetatkīrtanamucyate ।। 2.2.23.26 ।।''</blockquote>It is said that in the Kali Yuga, Moksha is attained by Kirtana or singing the praises of the Supreme.<ref name=":9" /> The Kali Satarana Upanishad belonging to the Krishna Yajurveda says that at the end of the Dvapara Yuga, Narada approached Brahma and requested him to enlighten him on the path he should follow to alleviate the detrimental effects of Kali Yuga. At that time, Brahma said that by way of taking the name of the Supreme Being Narayana, all the tribulations of Kali Yuga will be washed away.<ref name=":12">Bijoy Ghosh (2018), [https://www.anantaajournal.com/archives/2018/vol4issue1/PartB/4-1-22-454.pdf A Critical study of the Vaisnavaite Upanisads of later origin], International Journal of Sanskrit Research.</ref><blockquote>भगवत आदिपुरुषस्य नारायणस्य नामोच्चारणमात्रेण निर्धूतकलिर्भवतीति ॥ १ ॥<ref name=":13" /></blockquote><blockquote>''bhagavata ādipuruṣasya nārāyaṇasya nāmoccāraṇamātreṇa nirdhūtakalirbhavatīti ॥ 1 ॥''</blockquote>Moreover, it enumerates the sixteen worded mantra to be chanted, its greatness and effect as follows:<ref name=":12" /><blockquote>हरे राम हरे राम राम राम हरे हरे । हरे कृष्ण हरे कृष्ण कृष्ण कृष्ण हरे हरे ॥</blockquote><blockquote>इति षोडशकं नाम्नां कलिकल्मषनाशनम् । नातः परतरोपायः सर्ववेदेषु दृश्यते ॥<ref name=":13">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D Kali Santarana Upanishad]</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''hare rāma hare rāma rāma rāma hare hare । hare kr̥ṣṇa hare kr̥ṣṇa kr̥ṣṇa kr̥ṣṇa hare hare ॥''</blockquote><blockquote>''iti ṣoḍaśakaṁ nāmnāṁ kalikalmaṣanāśanam । nātaḥ parataropāyaḥ sarvavedeṣu dr̥śyate ॥''</blockquote>The Brhannaradiya Purana also mentions the name of 'Hari' as the sole redeemer of people in the age of Kali. For, Kali fails to affect those engaged in the chanting of the name of Hari.<blockquote>हरिनामपरान् मर्त्यान् न कलिर्बाधते क्वचित् ॥१२६॥ हरेर्नामैव नामैव नामैव मम जीवनम् । कलौ नास्त्येव नास्त्येव नास्त्येव गतिरन्यथा ॥१२७॥<ref>Pandita Hrishikeshashastri (1975), [https://archive.org/details/BrihanNaradiyaPurana/page/n561/mode/1up Brhannaradiya Puranam], Varanasi: Chaukhamba Amarabharati Prakashan.</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''harināmaparān martyān na kalirbādhate kvacit ॥126॥ harernāmaiva nāmaiva nāmaiva mama jīvanam । kalau nāstyeva nāstyeva nāstyeva gatiranyathā ॥127॥''</blockquote>

=== स्मरणम् ॥ Smarana ===

=== स्मरणम् ॥ Smarana ===