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== भगवद्गीतावर्णितः तमोगुणः॥ Tamas according to Bhagvad gita ==
== भगवद्गीतावर्णितः तमोगुणः॥ Tamas according to Bhagvad gita ==
Bhagavad Gita (भगवद्गीता) is a dialogue between Lord Krishna and Arjuna, narrated in the Bhishma Parva of the [[Mahabharata (महाभारतम्)|Mahabharata]]. In the 14th discourse of Bhagvad Gita, Lord Krishna narrates the role of Trigunas in one's life. At this place, Tamas guna has been described by lord Krishna.
Bhagavad Gita (भगवद्गीता) is a dialogue between Lord Krishna and Arjuna, narrated in the Bhishma Parva of the [[Mahabharata (महाभारतम्)|Mahabharata]]. In the 14th discourse of Bhagvad Gita, Lord Krishna narrates the role of Trigunas in one's life. At this place, Tamas guna has been described by lord Krishna.
<blockquote>तमस्त्वज्ञानजं विद्धि मोहनं सर्वदेहिनाम्।</blockquote><blockquote>प्रमादालस्यनिद्राभिस्तन्निबध्नाति भारत॥14- 8॥ </blockquote><blockquote>tamastvajñānajaṁ viddhi mohanaṁ sarvadehinām।</blockquote><blockquote>pramādālasyanidrābhistannibadhnāti bhārata॥14- 8॥</blockquote>
<blockquote>तमस्त्वज्ञानजं विद्धि मोहनं सर्वदेहिनाम्। प्रमादालस्यनिद्राभिस्तन्निबध्नाति भारत॥14- 8॥</blockquote><blockquote>tamastvajñānajaṁ viddhi mohanaṁ sarvadehinām। pramādālasyanidrābhistannibadhnāti bhārata॥14- 8॥</blockquote>
Meaning: Tamas guṇa''',''' is born of ignorance. It is the cause of illusion for the embodied souls. It deludes all living beings through errors or negligence, laziness, and sleep.<blockquote>अप्रकाशोऽप्रवृत्तिश्च प्रमादो मोह एव च। </blockquote><blockquote>तमस्येतानि जायन्ते विवृद्धे कुरुनन्दन ॥14- 13॥ </blockquote><blockquote>aprakāśo'pravr̥ttiśca pramādo moha eva ca।</blockquote><blockquote>tamasyetāni jāyante vivr̥ddhe kurunandana ॥14- 13॥</blockquote>
Meaning: Tamas guṇa''',''' is born of ignorance. It is the cause of illusion for the embodied souls. It deludes all living beings through errors or negligence, laziness, and sleep.
Meaning: Tamo guṇa results in delusion of the intellect, laziness, errors in decision making and inappropriate understanding of the situation.
<blockquote>अप्रकाशोऽप्रवृत्तिश्च प्रमादो मोह एव च। तमस्येतानि जायन्ते विवृद्धे कुरुनन्दन ॥14- 13॥ </blockquote><blockquote>aprakāśo'pravr̥ttiśca pramādo moha eva ca। tamasyetāni jāyante vivr̥ddhe kurunandana ॥14- 13॥</blockquote>
Meaning: Tamo guṇa results in delusion of the intellect, laziness, errors in decision making and inappropriate understanding of the situation.
Tamas guna obstructs the pathways of knowledge. It clouds wisdom and binds one to delusion. This makes one lose discrimination of what is right and what is wrong. Thus when such tamas guna overpowers Sattva and rajas guna in an individual, the person resorts to immoral behavior for full-filling the self will without hesitation. They tend to neglect their duties as the duties appear burdensome. The person becomes lazy, sleepy, negligent and commit mistakes repeatedly. Tamas guna makes person get pleasure through sleep, laziness, intoxication, violence, and gambling. Ultimately the person becomes incapable to understand the real purpose of life, the goal in life, its spiritual identity and also fails to follow dhrama or the right path to live. Thus that [[Purusha (पुरुषः)|Purusha]] goes deeper into the darkness due to its mode of ignorance and loses the opportunity for progress that human form can provide.
Tamas guna obstructs the pathways of knowledge. It clouds wisdom and binds one to delusion. This makes one lose discrimination of what is right and what is wrong. Thus when such tamas guna overpowers Sattva and rajas guna in an individual, the person resorts to immoral behavior for full-filling the self will without hesitation. They tend to neglect their duties as the duties appear burdensome. The person becomes lazy, sleepy, negligent and commit mistakes repeatedly. Tamas guna makes person get pleasure through sleep, laziness, intoxication, violence, and gambling. Ultimately the person becomes incapable to understand the real purpose of life, the goal in life, its spiritual identity and also fails to follow dhrama or the right path to live. Thus that [[Purusha (पुरुषः)|Purusha]] goes deeper into the darkness due to its mode of ignorance and loses the opportunity for progress that human form can provide.
In Samskrit guna indicate virtue while dosha is considered its antonym which refers to defect in something. Although Tamas is included under Trigunas, Ayurveda identifies it as one of the doshas. Since tamas guna is antithesis to Sattva guna and causes obstruction to real knowledge, Ayurveda considers it as a dosha of manas. Tamas obstructs the knowledge pathway and makes person create mistakes thus it is referred to as Dosha of manas along with Rajas. Sattva is considered as the pure virtue of mind.
In Samskrit guna indicate virtue while dosha is considered its antonym which refers to defect in something. Although Tamas is included under Trigunas, Ayurveda identifies it as one of the doshas. Since tamas guna is antithesis to Sattva guna and causes obstruction to real knowledge, Ayurveda considers it as a dosha of manas. Tamas obstructs the knowledge pathway and makes person create mistakes thus it is referred to as Dosha of manas along with Rajas. Sattva is considered as the pure virtue of mind.
<blockquote>रजस्तमश्च मनसो द्वौ च दोषावुदाहृतौ॥ (Asht Hrud 1.21)<ref>Ashtang Hrudayam ([http://vedotpatti.in/samhita/Vag/ehrudayam/?mod=read&h=rajas Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 1 Sutram 121])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>rajastamaśca manaso dvau ca doṣāvudāhr̥tau॥</blockquote>Meaning: Rajas and Tamas are considered as 2 doshas of manas.
<blockquote>रजस्तमश्च मनसो द्वौ च दोषावुदाहृतौ॥ (Asht Hrud 1.21)<ref>Ashtang Hrudayam ([http://vedotpatti.in/samhita/Vag/ehrudayam/?mod=read&h=rajas Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 1 Sutram 121])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>rajastamaśca manaso dvau ca doṣāvudāhr̥tau॥</blockquote>
Meaning: Rajas and Tamas are considered as 2 doshas of manas.
== मनसि तमोबाहुल्यलक्षणानि ॥ Signs of Tamas dominance in manas: ==
== मनसि तमोबाहुल्यलक्षणानि ॥ Signs of Tamas dominance in manas: ==
When Tamas dosha overpowers sattva and rajas in manas, the person shows peculiar behavior. The mind, body, emotions and behavior of the person which hints towards Tamas dominance is described by Ayurveda acharyas as below.
When Tamas dosha overpowers sattva and rajas in manas, the person shows peculiar behavior. The mind, body, emotions and behavior of the person which hints towards Tamas dominance is described by Ayurveda acharyas as below.
<blockquote>तामसान्यज्ञानं विषादः प्रमादो निद्राऽऽलस्यं क्षुत्तृष्णा</blockquote><blockquote>शोको मात्सर्यं विप्रतिपत्तिः परातिसन्धानं सत्त्वगुण-</blockquote><blockquote>वैपरीत्यं च॥ (Asht Samg 5.21)<ref name=":0">Ashtang Samgraha ([http://vedotpatti.in/samhita/Vag/esangraha/?mod=read Sharirsthanam Adhyaya 5 Sutram 21])</ref> </blockquote><blockquote></blockquote><blockquote>tāmasānyajñānaṁ viṣādaḥ pramādo nidrā<nowiki>''</nowiki>lasyaṁ kṣuttr̥ṣṇā</blockquote><blockquote>śoko mātsaryaṁ vipratipattiḥ parātisandhānaṁ sattvaguṇa-</blockquote><blockquote>vaiparītyaṁ ca॥ (Asht Samg 5.21)<ref name=":0" /> </blockquote>
<blockquote>तामसान्यज्ञानं विषादः प्रमादो निद्राऽऽलस्यं क्षुत्तृष्णाशोको मात्सर्यं विप्रतिपत्तिः परातिसन्धानं सत्त्वगुण वैपरीत्यं च॥ (Asht Samg 5.21)<ref name=":0">Ashtang Samgraha ([http://vedotpatti.in/samhita/Vag/esangraha/?mod=read Sharirsthanam Adhyaya 5 Sutram 21])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>tāmasānyajñānaṁ viṣādaḥ pramādo nidrā<nowiki>''</nowiki>lasyaṁ kṣuttr̥ṣṇāśoko mātsaryaṁ vipratipattiḥ parātisandhānaṁ sattvaguṇa-vaiparītyaṁ ca॥ (Asht Samg 5.21)<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>
Meaning: Delusion, Depression, errors or wrong decisions, sleepiness, laziness, excess hunger, excess thirst, grief, jealousy, erroneous perception, cheating behavior and everything that is opposite to virtue sattva in a human being is caused by Tamas dosha of mind.
Meaning: Delusion, Depression, errors or wrong decisions, sleepiness, laziness, excess hunger, excess thirst, grief, jealousy, erroneous perception, cheating behavior and everything that is opposite to virtue sattva in a human being is caused by Tamas dosha of mind.
[[Prakrti in Ayurveda (प्रकृतिः)|Prakrti]] refers to the specific body type/ nature/ constitution of the individual. Guna prakrti is the type of Prakrti which is related to one's psychological status, emotions and instincts. It can be called as mind-type of an individual. On the basis of dominance of Sattva, rajas or tamas in manas of purusha, the person's Guna prakrti is considered as either Sattvik, rajas or tamas. When the Tamas overpowers sattva and rajas in manas of an inidividual since birth that persons mind-type is called as Tamas prakrti. Acharya Sushruta has described the characteristics of such individual as below.
[[Prakrti in Ayurveda (प्रकृतिः)|Prakrti]] refers to the specific body type/ nature/ constitution of the individual. Guna prakrti is the type of Prakrti which is related to one's psychological status, emotions and instincts. It can be called as mind-type of an individual. On the basis of dominance of Sattva, rajas or tamas in manas of purusha, the person's Guna prakrti is considered as either Sattvik, rajas or tamas. When the Tamas overpowers sattva and rajas in manas of an inidividual since birth that persons mind-type is called as Tamas prakrti. Acharya Sushruta has described the characteristics of such individual as below.
<blockquote>तामसास्तु- विषादित्वं नास्तिक्यमधर्मशीलता बुद्धेर्निरोधोऽज्ञानं दुर्मेधस्त्वमकर्मशीलता निद्रालुत्वं चेति॥ (Sush Samh 1.18)<ref>Sushruta Samhita ([http://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/esushruta/?mod=read Sharirsthanam Adhyaya 1 sutram 18])</ref> </blockquote><blockquote>tāmasāstu- viṣāditvaṁ nāstikyamadharmaśīlatā buddhernirodho'jñānaṁ durmedhastvamakarmaśīlatā nidrālutvaṁ ceti॥ (Sush Samh 1.18)</blockquote>
<blockquote>तामसास्तु- विषादित्वं नास्तिक्यमधर्मशीलता बुद्धेर्निरोधोऽज्ञानं दुर्मेधस्त्वमकर्मशीलता निद्रालुत्वं चेति॥ (Sush Samh 1.18)<ref>Sushruta Samhita ([http://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/esushruta/?mod=read Sharirsthanam Adhyaya 1 sutram 18])</ref> </blockquote><blockquote>tāmasāstu- viṣāditvaṁ nāstikyamadharmaśīlatā buddhernirodho'jñānaṁ durmedhastvamakarmaśīlatā nidrālutvaṁ ceti॥ (Sush Samh 1.18)</blockquote>
Meaning: Depression, atheism, unrighteousness, inability to discriminate between what is right and what is wrong, delusion, foolishness, laziness and sleepiness are the characteristic features of Tamasika prakrti purusha.
Meaning: Depression, atheism, unrighteousness, inability to discriminate between what is right and what is wrong, delusion, foolishness, laziness and sleepiness are the characteristic features of Tamasika prakrti purusha.
== तामस मद लक्षणानि॥ Signs when the person with Tamas dominance is intoxicated ==
=== तामस प्रकृतिभेदाः॥ Sub-types of Tamas dominant psychic constitution ===
Tamas mada is an exclusive concept in Ayurveda. Ayurveda has described effects of intoxication due to excessively taken or inappropriately taken madyam (alcohol) or any other intoxicating drug. The state of such intoxication is considered abnormal and demands medical intervention. Ayurveda acharyas have also described the symptoms of such intoxication depending upon the dominance of sattva, rajas and tamas in manas of the intoxicated individual. This helps a vaidya to decide the line of treatment specific to that patient and helps to get that individual out of that state of misery quickly. The symptoms of intoxication in a person having tamas dominance are described by acharya Sushruta as below.<blockquote>अशौचनिद्रामात्सर्यागम्यागमनलोलताः।</blockquote><blockquote>असत्यभाषणं चापि कुर्याद्धि तामसे मदः॥ (Sush Samh 45.209)<ref name=":1">Sushrut Samhita ([http://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/esushruta/?mod=read Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 45 Sutram 209])</ref></blockquote><blockquote></blockquote><blockquote>aśaucanidrāmātsaryāgamyāgamanalolatāḥ।</blockquote><blockquote>asatyabhāṣaṇaṁ cāpi kuryāddhi tāmase madaḥ॥ (Sush Samh 45.209)<ref name=":1" /></blockquote><blockquote></blockquote>Meaning: Uncleanliness, sleepiness, jealousy, incest, greed, lying behavior is observed in intoxication in Tamasika individual or in Tamas mada.
Tamas dominant psychic constitution is further divided into 3 types. It is stated that these types are due to the delusions caused by tamas dominance in mind of an individual. They are as follows.
== Tamasa kaya ==
==== पाशवकाय॥ Pashava type mind ====
..तामसांस्तु निबोध मे ||९४||
The word Pashav comes from the original term Pashu which means animal. In this type of mind faculty, human being shares the traits of animals. The individuals of this type has forbidding disposition, lack of intelligence, terrible conduct and food habit, excessive sexual indulgence and sleep.
<blockquote>निराकरिष्णुममेधसं जुगुप्सिताचाराहरं मैथुनपरं स्वप्नशीलं पाशवं विद्यात् । (Char Samh 4.39)<ref name=":2">Charaka Samhita ([http://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/ecaraka/?mod=read Shareersthanam Adhyayam 4 Sutram 39])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>nirākariṣṇumamedhasaṁ jugupsitācārāharaṁ maithunaparaṁ svapnaśīlaṁ pāśavaṁ vidyāt । (Char Samh 4.39)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>
==== मत्स्यकाय॥ Matsya type mind ====
Matsya is the samskrit term used for fish. In this type of mind consitution an individual shows traits similar to those of fish thus this type of constitution is called as Mastya type. This personality possess timidity, lack of intelligence, greediness for food, unsteadiness, constantly passionate and wrathful disposition, fondness for constant movement and desire for water.<blockquote>भीरुमबुधमाहारलुब्धमनवस्थितमनुषक्तकामक्रोधं सरणशीलं तोयकामं मात्स्यं विद्यात्। (Char Samh 4.39)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote><blockquote>bhīrumabudhamāhāralubdhamanavasthitamanuṣaktakāmakrodhaṁ saraṇaśīlaṁ toyakāmaṁ mātsyaṁ vidyāt। (Char Samh 4.39)</blockquote>
==== वानस्पत्यकाय॥ Vanaspati type mind ====
In samskrit vanaspati means trees or vegetation. The fact that tree or vegetation is a type of living beings but with peculiar features was well known to Ayurveda acharyas. They have described features of Tamasa prakrti sub type which show similarity with life traits of trees as below.
<blockquote>अलसं केवलमभिनिविष्टमाहारे सर्वबुद्ध्यङ्गहीनं वानस्पत्यं विद्यात् । (Char Samh 4.39)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote><blockquote>alasaṁ kevalamabhiniviṣṭamāhāre sarvabuddhyaṅgahīnaṁ vānaspatyaṁ vidyāt । (Char Samh 4.39)</blockquote>
Meaning: Sluggishness, indulgence only in food, and deficiency of all the intellectual faculties are the personality traits for Tamasa prakrti purusha with Vanaspatya subtype.
== तामस मद लक्षणानि॥ Signs when the person with Tamas dominance is intoxicated ==
Tamas mada is an exclusive concept in Ayurveda. Ayurveda has described effects of intoxication due to excessively taken or inappropriately taken madyam (alcohol) or any other intoxicating drug. The state of such intoxication is considered abnormal and demands medical intervention. Ayurveda acharyas have also described the symptoms of such intoxication depending upon the dominance of sattva, rajas and tamas in manas of the intoxicated individual. This helps a vaidya to decide the line of treatment specific to that patient and helps to get that individual out of that state of misery quickly. The symptoms of intoxication in a person having tamas dominance are described by acharya Sushruta as below.<blockquote>अशौचनिद्रामात्सर्यागम्यागमनलोलताः।</blockquote><blockquote>असत्यभाषणं चापि कुर्याद्धि तामसे मदः॥ (Sush Samh 45.209)<ref name=":1">Sushrut Samhita ([http://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/esushruta/?mod=read Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 45 Sutram 209])</ref></blockquote><blockquote></blockquote><blockquote>aśaucanidrāmātsaryāgamyāgamanalolatāḥ।</blockquote><blockquote>asatyabhāṣaṇaṁ cāpi kuryāddhi tāmase madaḥ॥ (Sush Samh 45.209)<ref name=":1" /></blockquote><blockquote></blockquote>Meaning: Uncleanliness, sleepiness, jealousy, incest, greed, lying behavior is observed in intoxication in Tamasika individual or in Tamas mada.
== Rogas originating from Rajas dominance ==
== Rogas originating from Rajas dominance ==