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Chandas (छन्दस्) (view source)

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== व्युत्पत्तिः ॥ Etymology  ==
 
== व्युत्पत्तिः ॥ Etymology  ==
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# The word ‘Chandas’, at first is observed in the Purusha Sukta of the Rgveda as छन्दांसि जज्ञिरे तस्मात् |<ref>Rgveda, Mandala 10, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6 Sukta 90].</ref> ''chandāṁsi jajñire tasmāt |'' (10.90.9). Furthermore, in sukta 130<ref>Rgveda, Mandala 10, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%A6 Sukta 130].</ref>, metres such as Gayatri are mentioned.
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* The word ‘Chandas’, at first is observed in the Purusha Sukta of the Rgveda as  
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Sayanacharya has stated that the Chandas derives its name because of its act of enveloping the papa (wrong deeds) of people. पुरुषस्य पापसम्बन्धं वारयितुमाच्छादकत्वात् छन्द इत्युच्यते । ṚgVeda Sāyaṇabhāṣya, Preface, p.32.
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<blockquote>छन्दांसि जज्ञिरे तस्मात् |<ref>Rgveda, Mandala 10, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6 Sukta 90].</ref> ''chandāṁsi jajñire tasmāt |'' (10.90.9). </blockquote>Furthermore, in sukta 130<ref>Rgveda, Mandala 10, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%A6 Sukta 130].</ref>, metres such as Gayatri are mentioned.
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He also quotes three Śrutivākyas to uphold the etymological meaning of the word Chandas.
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* Sayanacharya has stated that the Chandas derives its name because of its act of enveloping the papa (wrong deeds) of people.  
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<blockquote>पुरुषस्य पापसम्बन्धं वारयितुमाच्छादकत्वात् छन्द इत्युच्यते । Rgveda Sayanabhashya, Preface, p.32.</blockquote>He also quotes three Shrutivakyas to uphold the etymological meaning of the word Chandas.
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# The Aitareya Brahmana (2.5) notes that Chandas protect from getting involved in the sinful act. छादयन्ति हि वा एवं छन्दांसि पापात् कर्मण: ।
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# According to the Taittiriya Samhita (5.6.6),  प्रजापतिरग्निमचिनुत,स क्षुरपविर्भूत्वाऽतिष्ठत्तं देवा बिभ्यतो नोपायन् ते छन्दोभिरात्मानं छादयित्वोपायन् तच्छन्दसां छन्दस्त्वम् ।  The shield of Chandas can also protect the sacrificer from the heat of fire. चीयमानाग्निसन्तापस्याच्छादकत्वाच्छन्द: ।
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# The Chandogya Upanishad (14.2) quotes that देवा वै मृत्योर्बिभ्यतस्त्रयीं विद्यां प्राविशँस्ते छन्दोभिरात्मानमाच्छादयन् यदेभिरच्छादयँस्तच्छन्दसां छन्दस्त्वम् । When the deities were afraid of death, they entered and hid in the three Vedas. At that time, they were covered by the Chandas. Thus, the Chandas serve as a protective shield from untimely death. अपमृत्युं वारयितुमाच्छादयतीति छन्द: ।
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* Yaskacharya accepts the meaning of Chandas as ‘to cover’ by quoting छन्दांसि छादनात् ।
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(a) The Aitareya Brahmana (2.5) notes that Chandases protect from getting involved in the sinful act. छादयन्ति हि वा एवं छन्दांसि पापात् कर्मण: ।
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* Bhanuji Dikshita in the commentary on Amarakosha called Ramashrami explains that
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<blockquote>चन्दते । चदि आह्लादने दीप्तौ च (भ्वा.आ.से.) । चन्देरादेश्श्च छ: (उणादि 4.220) इत्यसुन् ।</blockquote>Meaning: The word ‘Chandas’ is derived from the root ‘Cadi Ālhādane Diptau ca’, which is used in the sense of ‘gladdening’ or ‘pleasing’ by adding the Unadi suffix ‘Asun’.  
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(b) According to the Taittiriya Samhita (5.6.6), प्रजापतिरग्निमचिनुत,स क्षुरपविर्भूत्वाऽतिष्ठत्तं देवा बिभ्यतो नोपायन् ते छन्दोभिरात्मानं छादयित्वोपायन् तच्छन्दसां छन्दस्त्वम् । The shield of Chandas can also protect the sacrificer from the heat of fire. चीयमानाग्निसन्तापस्याच्छादकत्वाच्छन्द: ।
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Svami Dayananda Sarasvati also quotes the same in his commentary on UnaK. as चन्देरादेश्श्च छ:।। 4.220 ।। चन्दति हृष्यति येन दीप्यते वा तत् छन्द: ।
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* Panini uses the word ‘Chandas’ as a synonym for the word Veda. In the etymology of the word ‘Ṛtviyaḥ’, the word ‘Chandasi’ in the Sutra ‘Chandasi Ghas 5.1.105’ refers to the Veda. The reason for using the word ‘Chandas’ in the context with the Veda can be obtained with the help of aforementioned root ‘Cadi Ālhādane Diptau ca’.
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Svami Dayananda Sarasvati in the Rgveda Bhashya Bhumika opines that,<blockquote>येन छन्दसा छन्दोभिर्वा सर्वा विद्या: संवृता: आवृता: सम्यक् स्वीकृता भवन्ति, तस्माच्छन्दांसि वेदा: । वेदाध्ययनेन सर्वविद्याप्राप्तेर्मनुष्य आह्लादी भवति, सर्वार्थज्ञाता चातश्छन्दो वेद: । </blockquote>Meaning: With a thorough knowledge of the Vedas, man masters all the branches of knowledge and becomes happy; hence, the term Chandas indicates the Vedas.
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* Different meanings of the word Chandas are provided by the Amarakosha (3.2.20).
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<blockquote>विधुरं तु प्रविश्लेषेऽभिप्रायश्छन्द आशय: । </blockquote>Here, the word Chandas is mentioned as ‘opinion’ and ‘control’. In the commentary Ramashrami, the word Chandas is stated as a masculine word and is derived from ‘Chadi Saṁvaraṇe’ of Curādi Gaṇa by adding the suffix ‘Ghañ’ <blockquote>छन्दनम् । छदि संवरणे (चु.प.से.) । घञ् । (Astadhyayi 3.3.18 )</blockquote>
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* Amarakosha (3.3.232) refers to Chandas as Padya and desire.  
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<blockquote>छन्द: पद्येऽभिलाषे च तप: कृच्छ्रादिकर्म च ।  </blockquote>Ramashrami quotes that here the Padya refers to the metres like Anustubh etc. पद्ये अनुष्टुबादौ ।  
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(c) The Chāndogya Upanisad. (14.2) quotes that देवा वै मृत्योर्बिभ्यतस्त्रयीं विद्यां प्राविशँस्ते छन्दोभिरात्मानमाच्छादयन् यदेभिरच्छादयँस्तच्छन्दसां छन्दस्त्वम् । When the gods were afraid of death, they entered and hid in the three Vedas. At that time, they were covered by the Chandases. Thus, the Chandases serve as a protective shield from untimely death. अपमृत्युं वारयितुमाच्छादयतीति छन्द: ।
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The another lexicon named as Medini (171.22) refers to Chandas as Poetry, Veda, willfulness and desire. <blockquote>छन्द: पद्ये च वेदे च स्वैराचाराभिलाषयो: ।</blockquote>Vedic compositions also are observed to follow the willfulness of language rather than rigidly following metrical techniques. Hence, the Vedas might have been called ‘Chandas’.  
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* In Sanskrit Sāhitya kā Itihāsa, the author Vachaspati Gairola mentions that
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<blockquote>छन्दयति पृणाति रोचते इति छन्द: ।   </blockquote>Meaning: A beautiful speech with a particular rhythm is called Chandas. 
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3. Yāskācārya accepts the meaning of Chandas as ‘to cover’ by quoting छन्दांसि छादनात् ।
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Moreover, he also quotes <blockquote>छन्दयति आच्छादयति छन्द्यते अनेन इति छन्द: । </blockquote>Meaning: The speech that delights the mind is also called Chandas.
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4. Bhānujī Dīkṣitain the commentary on AmaraKosa called Rāmāśramī explains that
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चन्दते । चदि आह्लादने दीप्तौ च (भ्वा.आ.से.) । चन्देरादेश्श्च छ: (उणादि 4.220) इत्यसुन् । 
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The word ‘Chandas’ is derived from the root ‘Cadi Ālhādane Diptau ca’, which is used in the sense of ‘gladdening’ or ‘pleasing’ by adding the Uṇadi suffix ‘Asun’ .
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Svāmī Dayānanda Sarasvatī also quotes the same in his commentary on UnāK. as चन्देरादेश्श्च छ:।। 4.220 ।। चन्दति हृष्यति येन दीप्यते वा तत् छन्द: ।
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5. Pāṇini uses the word ‘Chandas’ as a synonym for the word Veda. In the etymology of the word ‘Ṛtviyaḥ’, the word ‘Chandasi’ in the Sūtra ‘Chandasi Ghas 5.1.105’ refers to the Veda. The reason for using the word ‘Chandas’ in the context with the Veda can be obtained with the help of aforementioned root ‘Cadi Ālhādane Diptau ca’.
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Svāmī Dayānanda Sarasvatī in the ṚBhāBhū. opines that -
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येन छन्दसा छन्दोभिर्वा सर्वा विद्या: संवृता: आवृता: सम्यक् स्वीकृता भवन्ति, तस्माच्छन्दांसि वेदा: । वेदाध्ययनेन सर्वविद्याप्राप्तेर्मनुष्य आह्लादी भवति, सर्वार्थज्ञाता चातश्छन्दो वेद: । with a thorough knowledge of the Vedas, man masters all the branches of knowledge and becomes happy; hence, the term Chandas indicates the Vedas.
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6. Different meanings of the word Chandas are provided by the AmaraKosa (3.2.20).
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विधुरं तु प्रविश्लेषेऽभिप्रायश्छन्द आशय: । Here, the word Chandas is mentioned as ‘opinion’ and ‘control’. In the commentary Rāmāśramī, the word Chandaḥ is stated as a masculine word and is derived from ‘Chadi Saṁvaraṇe’ of Curādi Gaṇa by adding the suffix ‘Ghañ’ छन्दनम् । छदि संवरणे (चु.प.से.) । घञ् । (Astadhyayi 3.3.18 )
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7. Amarakosa (3.3.232) refers to Chandas as Padya and desire. छन्द: पद्येऽभिलाषे च तप: कृच्छ्रादिकर्म च ।  Rāmāśramī quotes that here the Padya refers to the metres like Anustubh etc. पद्ये अनुष्टुबादौ । The another lexicon named as Medinī (171.22) refers to Chandas as Poetry, Veda, willfulness and desire. छन्द: पद्ये च वेदे च स्वैराचाराभिलाषयो: ।
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Vedic compositions also are observed to follow the willfulness of language rather than rigidly following metrical techniques. Hence, the Vedas might have been called ‘Chandas’.
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8. In Sanskrit Sāhitya kā Itihāsa, the author Vachaspati Gairola mentions that छन्दयति पृणाति रोचते इति छन्द: ।  A beautiful speech with a particular rhythm is called Chandas.  Moreover, he also quotes छन्दयति आच्छादयति छन्द्यते अनेन इति छन्द: । the speech that delights the mind is also called Chandas.
      
== छन्दसः महत्त्वम् ॥ Significance of Chandas in Vedic Literature ==
 
== छन्दसः महत्त्वम् ॥ Significance of Chandas in Vedic Literature ==
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Therefore, Chandas is indispensable in Sanskrit poetry.
 
Therefore, Chandas is indispensable in Sanskrit poetry.
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== References ==
 
[[Category:Vedangas]]
 
[[Category:Vedangas]]
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<references />
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