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# ॥ Yoga  

# ॥ Yoga  

# ॥ Karana

# ॥ Karana

Apart from the above details, additionally, in a Panchanga one finds the information about the following aspects

Apart from the above details, additionally, in a Panchanga one finds the information about the following aspects

  '''Tithi = Time taken for the Moon to cover 12° relative to the Sun'''

  '''Tithi = Time taken for the Moon to cover 12° relative to the Sun'''

So, tithi is defined as the time taken for the moon to gain about '''12°10′''' per day over the sun. It is found that the current average interval between two successive Amavasya days is 29.530589 days. This interval between two Amavasyas, where we can see the natural pramana of new moon in the sky is defined as a Chandra Masa or Lunar Month. The lunar month is thus a natural unit for a month, marked by two successive conjunctions of sun and moon (which happens on the new moon day). Approximating the movement of the moon, if it moves by '''12° per day''', to complete 360° it takes 30 Tithis; this interval is also called as the Synodic period of the moon (synodic means successive conjunctions of the same celestial bodies).  

Thus tithi is defined as the time taken for the moon to gain about '''12°10′''' per day over the sun. It is found that the current average interval between two successive Amavasyas is 29.530589 Savana days. This interval between two Amavasyas, where we can see the natural pramana of new moon in the sky is defined as a Chandra Masa or Lunar Month. The lunar month is thus a natural unit for a month, marked by two successive conjunctions of sun and moon (which happens on the new moon day). Approximating the movement of the moon, if it moves by '''12° per day''', to complete 360° it takes 30 Tithis; this interval is also called as the Synodic period of the moon (synodic means successive conjunctions of the same celestial bodies).

Note: If the longitude of the Moon is less than that of the Sun then add 360° to avoid negative sign and then divide it by 12 to get the tithi.

  '''Chandra Masa (Lunar Month) = 360°/12° = 30 Tithis'''

  '''Chandra Masa (Lunar Month) = 360°/12° = 30 Tithis'''

This 360° ecliptic is divided into 27 nakshatras, which the moon covers in 27.3216615 days. Thus, we have the moon taking a little more than a Savana or Civil Day (time between two consecutive sunrises) to cover the extent of a nakshatra along the ecliptic.<ref name=":2" />

This 360° ecliptic is divided into 27 nakshatras, which the moon covers in 27.3216615 days. Thus, we have the moon taking a little more than a Savana or Civil Day (time between two consecutive sunrises) to cover the extent of a nakshatra along the ecliptic.<ref name=":2" />

=== Determining Amavasya (New Moon) and Purnima (Full Moon) ===

=== Determining Amavasya (New Moon) and Purnima (Full Moon) ===

As the Sun and the Moon are moving in the same direction, the point at which they are in the same celestial longitude as seen from the Earth, when the Moon is said to be "new" or is called Amavasya or New Moon Day when we do not see the moon in the sky. After 24 hours, the Moon will have moved ahead of the sun by '''12°10′'''. This separation of the moon from the sun goes on increasing at the rate of 12°10′ per day until it completes a 360° revolution and the moon will again be in conjunction with the sun resulting in Amavasya.  

As the Sun and the Moon are moving in the same direction, the point at which they are in the same celestial longitude as seen from the Earth, when the Moon is said to be "new" or is called Amavasya or New Moon Day when we do not see the moon in the sky. After 24 hours, the Moon will have moved ahead of the sun by '''12°10′ time'''. This separation of the moon from the sun goes on increasing at the rate of 12°10′ per day until it completes a 360° revolution and the moon will again be in conjunction with the sun resulting in Amavasya.  

  '''Amavasya occurs when Sun and Moon are on the same celestial longitude''' '''(360°)'''

  '''Amavasya occurs when Sun and Moon are on the same celestial longitude''' '''(360°)'''

Purnima or a Full Moon Day happens when the Sun and Moon are on the opposite longitudes 180° apart, when we see the fully bright moon in the sky.  

Purnima or a Full Moon Day happens when the Sun and Moon are on the opposite longitudes 180° apart, when we see the fully bright moon in the sky.  

=== चन्द्रकलाः ॥ Phases of Moon ===

=== चन्द्रकलाः ॥ Phases of Moon ===

Phases of the Moon is a term used to describe the course of the Moon during the lunar month. Terms such as new, cresent, half, gibbous, and full and then again in the reverse order, until it is new are used to explain the phases of the moon between two Amavasyas. Fifteen tithis or half of a lunar month is called Paksha (पक्षम्) or a fortnight. The Paksha starting from a new moon to the succeeding full moon is called Shukla Paksha (शक्लपक्षम्) or Bright Fortnight and the other Paksha from the full moon to the next new moon is call Krshna Paksha (कृष्णपक्षम्) or the Dark Fortnight. The names of the tithis remain the same in both pakshas, however, this categorization is significant in determination of the coordinates of a day in a given month. Specific activities are associated with each such tithi in a ritual perspective.  

Phases of the Moon is a term used to describe the course of the Moon during the lunar month. During the course of a lunar month, the size and shape of the moon visible from earth appear to change from day to day. Terms such as new, cresent, half, gibbous, and full and then again in the reverse order, until it is new are used to explain the phases of the moon between two Amavasyas. Fifteen tithis or half of a lunar month is called Paksha (पक्षम्) or a fortnight. The Paksha starting from a new moon to the succeeding full moon is called Shukla Paksha (शक्लपक्षम्) or Bright Fortnight and the other Paksha from the full moon to the next new moon is call Krshna Paksha (कृष्णपक्षम्) or the Dark Fortnight. The names of the tithis remain the same in both pakshas, however, this categorization is significant in determination of the coordinates of a day in a given month. Specific activities are associated with each such tithi in a ritual perspective.  

=== तिथयः ॥ Names of Tithis ===

=== तिथयः ॥ Names of Tithis ===

The tithis or lunar days which make a Chandra Masa have the following names.

The tithis or lunar days which make a Chandra Masa have the following names. The fifteenth tithi is called Purnima and the thirtieth tithi is Amavasya.  

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|style=width: 600px; font-style: normal; color: blue|

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|style=width: 600px; font-style: normal; color: blue|

* Day 1 : Pratipat (प्रतिपत्)

* Day 1 : Pratipat (प्रतिपत्)

* Day 13 : Trayodashi (त्रयोदशी)

* Day 13 : Trayodashi (त्रयोदशी)

* Day 14 : Chaturdashi (चतुर्दशी)

* Day 14 : Chaturdashi (चतुर्दशी)

}}

* Day 15 : Paurnami (पौर्णमी)}}

=== Names of Lunar Months ===

=== Names of Lunar Months ===

It has been previously mentioned that Chandramana is a natural unit of time and so also the naming of lunar months is according to the visible changes in the sky. The name of a lunar month is given based on the nakshatra constellation in which the moon is generally present on the Purnima day (that lies between two Amavasya days in Amamta system). It must be noted that these names have been used since Vedic times for determining the days when Yajnas have to be conducted.  

It has been previously mentioned that Chandramana is a natural unit of time and so also the naming of lunar months is according to the visible changes in the sky. The name of a lunar month is given based on the nakshatra constellation in which the moon is generally present (there is a slight shift) on the Purnima day (that lies between two Amavasya days in Amamta system). It must be noted that these names have been used since Vedic times for determining the days when Yajnas have to be conducted.  

 

 

 

 

 

Thus in the month of  

Surya Siddhanta (11.78) mentions how the days of the week have specific rulers in the given succession. The Sun who is fourth from Saturn is the ruler of the 1st day; the Moon, who is the fourth from the Sun is the ruler of 2nd day; Mars, the fourth from the Moon is the ruler of the 3rd day and so on.

== References ==

== References ==

[[Category:Vedangas]]

[[Category:Vedangas]]

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