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The world is constituted by the three gunas or qualities known as the sattva, rajas, and tamas. They are the causal energy that pervades all creation (physical objects, thoughts, actions, ether function, etc.).<ref name=":1">Frawley D (1999), Yoga and Ayurveda, Twin Lakes: Lotus Press.</ref>

The world is constituted by the three gunas or qualities known as the sattva, rajas, and tamas. They are the causal energy that pervades all creation (physical objects, thoughts, actions, ether function, etc.).<ref name=":1">Frawley D (1999), Yoga and Ayurveda, Twin Lakes: Lotus Press.</ref>

The Samkhya Karika (seminal text on the philosophy of Yoga), the Bhagavad Gita, and Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras delineate the gunas and their associated physical, mental, and behavioral attributes.<ref>Stoler-Miller B (1998), Yoga: discipline of freedom, New York: Bantam Books.</ref><ref>Stoler-Miller B (2004), The Bhagavad-Gita, New York: Bantam Classics.</ref><ref>Miller R (2012), The Samkhya Karika, San Rafael: Integrative Restoration Institut. </ref><ref>Larson GJ, Isvarakrsna (2014), Classical samkhya: an interpretation of its history and meaning,  Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.</ref><ref>Sullivan MB, Erb M, Schmalzl L, Moonaz S, Noggle Taylor J, Porges SW (2018), Yoga therapy and polyvagal theory: the convergence of traditional wisdom and contemporary neuroscience for self-regulation and resilience. Front Hum Neurosci 12:67.</ref><ref>Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais S (2001), Ayurveda: a historical perspective and principles of the traditional healthcare system in India, Altern Ther Health Med 7(2):36–43.</ref><ref>Haas N (2014), Health and consciousness through Ayurveda and yoga, India: MA Center.</ref>

The Samkhya Karika (seminal text on the philosophy of Yoga), the Bhagavad Gita, and Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras delineate the gunas and their associated physical, mental, and behavioral attributes.<ref>Stoler-Miller B (1998), Yoga: discipline of freedom, New York: Bantam Books.</ref><ref>Stoler-Miller B (2004), The Bhagavad-Gita, New York: Bantam Classics.</ref><ref>Miller R (2012), The Samkhya Karika, San Rafael: Integrative Restoration Institut. </ref><ref>Larson GJ, Isvarakrsna (2014), Classical samkhya: an interpretation of its history and meaning,  Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.</ref><ref>Sullivan MB, Erb M, Schmalzl L, Moonaz S, Noggle Taylor J, Porges SW (2018), Yoga therapy and polyvagal theory: the convergence of traditional wisdom and contemporary neuroscience for self-regulation and resilience. Front Hum Neurosci 12:67.</ref><ref>Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais S (2001), Ayurveda: a historical perspective and principles of the traditional healthcare system in India, Altern Ther Health Med 7(2):36–43.</ref><ref name=":3">Haas N (2014), Health and consciousness through Ayurveda and yoga, India: MA Center.</ref>

There are two basic laws of the gunas.  

There are two basic laws of the gunas.  

The interplay between the three gunas denotes a relationship that is of constant conflict as well as of cooperation. The nature of things as well as the state that an individual experiences is an outcome of the predominant guna. It is on the basis of the preponderance of one or the other guna that one becomes intelligent, active, or indolent and experiences various degrees of well-being or otherwise.<ref name=":2">Sinha D (2011), Concept of psych-social well-being: Western and Indian perspectives, Dalal AK, Misra G (eds), New directions in health psychology,  New Delhi: Sage, pp 95–108.</ref> Therefore, it is the state of samyavastha or equilibrium of the three that holds the secret to an individual’s well-being.<ref name=":2" />

The interplay between the three gunas denotes a relationship that is of constant conflict as well as of cooperation. The nature of things as well as the state that an individual experiences is an outcome of the predominant guna. It is on the basis of the preponderance of one or the other guna that one becomes intelligent, active, or indolent and experiences various degrees of well-being or otherwise.<ref name=":2">Sinha D (2011), Concept of psych-social well-being: Western and Indian perspectives, Dalal AK, Misra G (eds), New directions in health psychology,  New Delhi: Sage, pp 95–108.</ref> Therefore, it is the state of samyavastha or equilibrium of the three that holds the secret to an individual’s well-being.<ref name=":2" />

== दोषाः ॥ Doshas ==

== दोषाः ॥ Doshas<ref name=":0" /> ==

The five elements (panchamahabhuta) constitute the fundamental building blocks of all matter that exist, that is, they are the key components of all creation. The universe is based on three original powers of energy, light, and matter that work through three central elements (air, fire, and water). The three key elements when imbued with life-giving force (prana) create the three doshas, namely, vata, pitta, and kapha (Frawley 1999).

The five elements (panchamahabhuta) constitute the fundamental building blocks of all matter that exist, that is, they are the key components of all creation. The universe is based on three original powers of energy, light, and matter that work through three central elements (air, fire, and water). The three key elements when imbued with life-giving force (prana) create the three doshas, namely, vata, pitta, and kapha.<ref name=":1" />

They refer to the fundamental bioactive elements that operate at the cellular and subcellular levels. They exist and run throughout the body with internal factors (microcosm) and external factors (macrocosm) influencing the qualities of the doshas, i.e., leading to decrease or increase of a specific attribute (Dalal and Misra 2011). The three doshas (vata, pitta, kapha) underlie the psychobiological constitution types of all human characteristics, activities, and patterns of health and illness (Rhoda 2014). They govern the psychobiological and physiopathological changes (Haas 2014), are associated with specific genes, and correlate with genome variation (Govindaraj et al. 2015). Further, in line with the systems theory, the doshas constitute biologically universal mechanisms that regulate the fundamental functions identified as input and output (vata), throughput or turnover (pitta), and storage (kapha) (Hankey 2005).

They refer to the fundamental bioactive elements that operate at the cellular and subcellular levels. They exist and run throughout the body with internal factors (microcosm) and external factors (macrocosm) influencing the qualities of the doshas, i.e., leading to decrease or increase of a specific attribute.<ref>Dalal AK, Misra G (2011), Conceptual foundations: introduction, Dalal AK, Misra G (eds), New directions in health psychology, New Delhi: Sage, pp 49–56.</ref> The three doshas (vata, pitta, kapha) underlie the psychobiological constitution types of all human characteristics, activities, and patterns of health and illness.<ref>Rhoda D (2014), Ayurvedic psychology: ancient wisdom meets modern science, Int J Transpersonal Stud 33(1):14.</ref> They govern the psychobiological and physiopathological changes,<ref name=":3" /> are associated with specific genes, and correlate with genome variation.<ref>Govindaraj P, Nizamuddin S, Sharath A, Jyothi V, Rotti H, Raval R, Nayak J, Bhat BK, Prasanna BV, Shintre P, Sule M (2015), Genome-wide analysis correlates Ayurveda Prakriti. Sci Rep 5:15786</ref> Further, in line with the systems theory, the doshas constitute biologically universal mechanisms that regulate the fundamental functions identified as input and output (vata), throughput or turnover (pitta), and storage (kapha).<ref>Hankey A (2005), The scientific value of Ayurveda, J Altern Complement Med 11(2):221–225.</ref>

=== वातदोषः ॥ Vata dosha ===

=== वातदोषः ॥ Vata dosha ===

* It is composed of Ether and air.

* It is composed of Ether and air.

* It is concerned with the mode of movement within the body and therefore governs nerve impulses, circulation, respiration, and elimination

* It is concerned with the mode of movement within the body and therefore governs nerve impulses, circulation, respiration, and elimination.

* Responsible for maintaining sensory, emotional, and mental harmony, and it facilitates mental adaptability and comprehension

* It is responsible for maintaining sensory, emotional, and mental harmony, and facilitates mental adaptability and comprehension.

* Creativity, enthusiasm, speed, responsiveness, and the drive to achieve goals in life

* Creativity, enthusiasm, speed, responsiveness, and the drive to achieve goals in life are the traits associated with Vata constitution.

* An individual with vata constitution is characterized by short memory, impulsive, shy, and sensitive

* An individual with vata constitution is characterized by short memory, impulsive, shy, and sensitive nature.

* Classically thin with low body weight and low bone structure

* An individual with vata constitution is classically thin with low body weight and low bone structure.

=== पित्तदोषः ॥ Pitta dosha ===

=== पित्तदोषः ॥ Pitta dosha ===

=== कफदोषः ॥ Kapha dosha ===

=== कफदोषः ॥ Kapha dosha ===

== Prana, Tejas, and Ojas ==

== Prana, Tejas, and Ojas ==