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Line 37: − − ==== Varnas in Samskrit Language ==== − According to Yajnavalkya Shiksha varnas are classified into four. − <div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2"> − # स्वराः (Svaras) − # स्पर्शाः (Sparsha) − # अन्तस्थाः (Antastha) − # ऊष्माणः (Ushmana) − </div> − {| class="wikitable" − |+Samskrit Varnas − ! − !Varnas − |- style="background: #f0f8ff;" ! − ! rowspan="2" |अचः (acaḥ = vowels) − |अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ॠ ऌ ए ऐ ओ औ अं अः − |- style="background: #f5f5f5;" − |a ā i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ e ai o au aṃ aḥ − |- style="background: #f0f8ff;" − ! rowspan="2" |हल् (consonants) − |क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज झ ञ ट ठ ड ढ ण त थ द ध न प फ ब भ म − |- style="background: #f5f5f5;" − |ka kha ga gha ṅa ca cha ja jha ña ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa ta tha da dha na pa pha ba bha ma − |- style="background: #f0f8ff;" − ! rowspan="2" | − |य र ल व श ष स ह − |- style="background: #f5f5f5;" − |ya ra la va śa ṣa sa ha − |} − + + + Line 80:
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→Places of Articulation of Samskrit Varnas: formating
=== स्थानम् ॥ Sthana ===
=== स्थानम् ॥ Sthana ===
Sthanas are the places (or body parts which play a role in the production of sound) of articulation of varnas. Paniniya Shiksa defines eight places of articulation.<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>अष्टौ स्थानानि वर्णानामुरः कण्ठः शिरस्तथा। जिह्वामूलं च दन्ताश्च नासिकोष्ठौ च तालु च॥ १३ ॥ (Pani. Shik. 13)<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>aṣṭau sthānāni varṇānāmuraḥ kaṇṭhaḥ śirastathā । jihvāmūlaṃ ca dantāśca nāsikoṣṭhau ca tālu ca ॥ 13 ॥ </blockquote>There are eight places where letters are produced – chest, throat (pharynx), roof of palate, the root of the tongue, teeth, nose, both the lips and palate.
Sthanas are the places (or body parts which play a role in the production of sound) of articulation of varnas. Paniniya Shiksa defines eight places of articulation.<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>अष्टौ स्थानानि वर्णानामुरः कण्ठः शिरस्तथा। जिह्वामूलं च दन्ताश्च नासिकोष्ठौ च तालु च॥ १३ ॥ (Pani. Shik. 13)<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>aṣṭau sthānāni varṇānāmuraḥ kaṇṭhaḥ śirastathā । jihvāmūlaṃ ca dantāśca nāsikoṣṭhau ca tālu ca ॥ 13 ॥ </blockquote>There are eight places where letters are produced – chest, throat (pharynx), roof of palate, the root of the tongue, teeth, nose, both the lips and palate.
==== Places of Articulation of Samskrit Varnas ====
==== Places of Articulation of Samskrit Varnas ====
In the following table, the short and long vowels are represented by the short vowel; i.e. अ (a) stands for आ (ā) as well, and similarly in the case of other vowels wherever applicable.
In the following table, the short and long vowels are represented by the short vowel; i.e. अ (a) stands for आ (ā) as well, and similarly in the case of other vowels wherever applicable.
{| class="wikitable" - style="background: #ffad66;"
{| class="wikitable" style="background: #ffad66;" -
!
!Letters
!Letters
!Place of Articulation
!Place of Articulation
|- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
|- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
|1
|अ, क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, ह, ः
|अ, क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, ह, ः
kaṇṭhaḥ
kaṇṭhaḥ
|- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
|- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
|2
|इ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, य, श
|इ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, य, श
tālu
tālu
|- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
|- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
|3
|ऋ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, र, ष
|ऋ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, र, ष
mūrdhā
mūrdhā
|- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
|- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
|4
|ऌ, त, थ, द, ध, न, ल, स
|ऌ, त, थ, द, ध, न, ल, स
dantāḥ
dantāḥ
|- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
|- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
|5
|उ, प, फ, ब, भ, म, [[File:Jihvamula Pa.png|thumb|17x17px|ḫ]]u, pa, pha, ba, bha, ma
|उ, प, फ, ब, भ, म, [[File:Jihvamula Pa.png|thumb|17x17px|ḫ]]u, pa, pha, ba, bha, ma
|ओष्ठौ (lips)
|ओष्ठौ (lips)
oṣṭhau
oṣṭhau
|- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
|- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
|6
|ञ, म, ङ, ण, न
|ञ, म, ङ, ण, न
nāsikā ca
nāsikā ca
|- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
|- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
|7
|ए , ऐ
|ए , ऐ
kaṇṭhatālu
kaṇṭhatālu
|- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
|- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
|8
|ओ, औ
|ओ, औ
kaṇṭhoṣṭham
kaṇṭhoṣṭham
|- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
|- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
|9
|व
|व
dantoṣṭham
dantoṣṭham
|- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
|- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
|10
|क
|क
jihvāmūlam
jihvāmūlam
|- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
|- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
|11
|ं (अनुस्वार)
|ं (अनुस्वार)
|}
|}
<blockquote>हकारं पञ्चमैर्युक्तम् अन्तस्थाभिश्च संयुतम् । औरस्यं तं विजानीयात् कण्ठ्यमाहुरसंयुतम् ॥ पाणिनीयशिक्षा, १६ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>hakāraṃ pañcamairyuktam antasthābhiśca saṃyutam । aurasyaṃ taṃ vijānīyāt kaṇṭhyamāhurasaṃyutam ॥ (Pani. Shik. 16)<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>The combinations of ह-'ha' and ङ-ṅa / ञ-ña / ण-ṇa / न-na / म-ma / य-ya / र-ra / ल-la / व-va, i.e. ह्ङ-hṅa, ह्ञ-hña, ह्ण-hṇa, ह्न-hna, ह्म-hma, ह्य-hya, ह्र-hra, ह्ल-hla and ह्व-hva, are to be pronounced from the chest. The lone 'ह-ha' is born in the throat. The combination of ha + ṅa and ha + ña (ह्ङ-hṅa and ह्ञ-hña) is not present in word usages. In words like aparāhṇa (अपराह्णः), madhyāhna (मद्याह्नः), brahma (ब्रह्मा), bāhya (बाह्या), hrada (ह्रद), prahlāda (प्रह्लादः) and āhvāna (आह्वानम्), 'ha' is to be pronounced carefully, i.e. it should come from the chest.
<blockquote>हकारं पञ्चमैर्युक्तम् अन्तस्थाभिश्च संयुतम् । औरस्यं तं विजानीयात् कण्ठ्यमाहुरसंयुतम् ॥ पाणिनीयशिक्षा, १६ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>hakāraṃ pañcamairyuktam antasthābhiśca saṃyutam । aurasyaṃ taṃ vijānīyāt kaṇṭhyamāhurasaṃyutam ॥ (Pani. Shik. 16)<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>The combinations of ह-'ha' and ङ-ṅa / ञ-ña / ण-ṇa / न-na / म-ma / य-ya / र-ra / ल-la / व-va, i.e. ह्ङ-hṅa, ह्ञ-hña, ह्ण-hṇa, ह्न-hna, ह्म-hma, ह्य-hya, ह्र-hra, ह्ल-hla and ह्व-hva, are to be pronounced from the chest. The lone 'ह-ha' is born in the throat. The combination of ha + ṅa and ha + ña (ह्ङ-hṅa and ह्ञ-hña) is not present in word usages. In words like aparāhṇa (अपराह्णः), madhyāhna (मद्याह्नः), brahma (ब्रह्मा), bāhya (बाह्या), hrada (ह्रद), prahlāda (प्रह्लादः) and āhvāna (आह्वानम्), 'ha' is to be pronounced carefully, i.e. it should come from the chest.
==== Varnas in Samskrit Language ====
According to Yajnavalkya Shiksha varnas are classified into four.
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
# स्वराः (Svaras)
# स्पर्शाः (Sparsha)
# अन्तस्थाः (Antastha)
# ऊष्माणः (Ushmana)
</div>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Samskrit Varnas
!
!Varnas
|- style="background: #f0f8ff;" !
! rowspan="2" |अचः (acaḥ = vowels)
|अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ॠ ऌ ए ऐ ओ औ अं अः
|- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
|a ā i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ e ai o au aṃ aḥ
|- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
! rowspan="2" |हल् (consonants)
|क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज झ ञ ट ठ ड ढ ण त थ द ध न प फ ब भ म
|- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
|ka kha ga gha ṅa ca cha ja jha ña ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa ta tha da dha na pa pha ba bha ma
|- style="background: #f0f8ff;"
! rowspan="2" |
|य र ल व श ष स ह
|- style="background: #f5f5f5;"
|ya ra la va śa ṣa sa ha
|}
==== वृत्तिः॥ Vṛtti ====
==== वृत्तिः॥ Vṛtti ====