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== Introduction<ref>Pandey, A., & Navare, A. V. (2018). Paths of Yoga: Perspective for Workplace Spirituality. In ''The Palgrave Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Fulfilment''. Palgrave Macmillan Cham.</ref> ==

== Introduction<ref name=":0">Pandey, A., & Navare, A. V. (2018). Paths of Yoga: Perspective for Workplace Spirituality. In ''The Palgrave Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Fulfilment''. Palgrave Macmillan Cham.</ref> ==

Predominantly, the term Yoga is interpreted as a particular way of doing physical exercises. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines Yoga as “a system of exercises for attaining bodily or mental control and wellbeing”<ref>Merriam-Webster (2004) Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Springfield</ref>. Though the yogic postures and concentrative meditation as parts of the Aṣṭānga Yoga system explained in the Pataṃjali Yoga Sūtra is arguably the most commonly known and practiced form of yoga, the ''Bhagavad-Gītā,'' the most revered and popular text of Hindu traditional wisdom recognizes well over a dozen forms of yoga.<ref>Radhakrishnan S (1948/2009) The Bhagavadgita. HarperCollins Publishers, Noida</ref> Essentially, the idea of “Yoga” as a contribution of Indic culture to the world cultural heritage is much wider and goes beyond mere physical exercises<ref>Corner PD (2008) Workplace spirituality and business ethics: insights from an eastern spiritual tradition. J Bus Ethics 85(3):377–389.</ref>. Indic traditional wisdom and literature on Yoga include paths oriented toward intellectual discernment, devotion, service, and Samādhi and each offers practices to mitigate suffering and aims at total personal transformation or attaining higher levels of consciousness<ref>Feuerstein G (2011) The Encyclopedia of Yoga and Tantra. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications Inc</ref><ref>Gard T, Noggle JJ, Park CL, Vago DR, Wilson A (2014) Potential self-regulatory mechanisms of yoga for psychological health. Front Hum Neurosci 8:770</ref>. These techniques are based on concepts and worldview that is centered on a shared vision of spirituality in different branches and sub-branches of Hindu traditional wisdom.

Predominantly, the term Yoga is interpreted as a particular way of doing physical exercises. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines Yoga as “a system of exercises for attaining bodily or mental control and wellbeing”<ref>Merriam-Webster (2004) Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Springfield</ref>. Though the yogic postures and concentrative meditation as parts of the Aṣṭānga Yoga system explained in the Pataṃjali Yoga Sūtra is arguably the most commonly known and practiced form of yoga, the ''Bhagavad-Gītā,'' the most revered and popular text of Hindu traditional wisdom recognizes well over a dozen forms of yoga.<ref name=":1">Radhakrishnan S (1948/2009) The Bhagavadgita. HarperCollins Publishers, Noida</ref> Essentially, the idea of “Yoga” as a contribution of Indic culture to the world cultural heritage is much wider and goes beyond mere physical exercises<ref>Corner PD (2008) Workplace spirituality and business ethics: insights from an eastern spiritual tradition. J Bus Ethics 85(3):377–389.</ref>. Indic traditional wisdom and literature on Yoga include paths oriented toward intellectual discernment, devotion, service, and Samādhi and each offers practices to mitigate suffering and aims at total personal transformation or attaining higher levels of consciousness<ref>Feuerstein G (2011) The Encyclopedia of Yoga and Tantra. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications Inc</ref><ref>Gard T, Noggle JJ, Park CL, Vago DR, Wilson A (2014) Potential self-regulatory mechanisms of yoga for psychological health. Front Hum Neurosci 8:770</ref>. These techniques are based on concepts and worldview that is centered on a shared vision of spirituality in different branches and sub-branches of Hindu traditional wisdom.

Etymologically, Yoga is derived from the root ''“yuj”'' that means to bind together. Yoga means binding one’s psychic power, balancing and enhancing them. [:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#Fn2 ²] The verbal root “yuj” also refers “to yoke” or “to harness.” Even Yoga as union includes an element of yoking, for the lower Self cannot transcend into the higher Self without proper focusing of attention (Radhakrishnan, p. 50). At present, Yoga is a generic name of a large set of varied spiritual practices aimed at a total formation through Self-realization. Understanding Yoga is central to understanding spirituality in the Hindu tradition.

Etymologically, Yoga is derived from the root ''“yuj”'' that means to bind together. Yoga means binding one’s psychic power, balancing and enhancing them. The verbal root “yuj” also refers “to yoke” or “to harness”<ref name=":0" />. Even Yoga as union includes an element of yoking, for the lower Self cannot transcend into the higher Self without proper focusing of attention<ref name=":1" />. At present, Yoga is a generic name of a large set of varied spiritual practices aimed at a total formation through Self-realization. Understanding Yoga is central to understanding spirituality in the Hindu tradition<ref name=":0" />.

 

 

== Traditional Hindu Worldviews: Putting Yoga in Context ==

Worldview is the philosophical outlook that a person, knowingly or not, utilizes to organize his or her belief system and activities (Theilmen [:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR54 ''2008'']). A worldview comprises of culturally organized and inter-related macro thoughts that organize much of the body of symbolic creations and ethnophilosophy among many other epistemic and ontological stances (Kearney [:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR28 ''1984''], p. 1). A note on Hindu worldview will be useful to understand and appreciate the different pathways of Yoga.

== Spirituality in Hindu Traditions: Few Basic Tenets ==

== Spirituality in Hindu Traditions: Few Basic Tenets ==

Hindu is a descriptive term for the people from the other side of river Sindhu and first used by Arabs in fifth century AD. The sense of life goes beyond the senses, and individual limitations are essentially the origin of religion. The idea of Hindu religion originated from Nature worship. Nature is personified into Gods in many places in Vedas, the ultimate source of Hinduism (Vivekananda, p. 147). ''Sanātana Dharma'' was the overarching term originally used for so many spiritual paths practiced in Hindu society in ancient India. That can be loosely translated as eternal truth. Frawley ([:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR17 ''1995'']) translate this term as “eternal tradition” and pointed out and summarized its characteristics like it is not limited to any scripture, messiah, church, community, or particular historical end, embraces a timeless self-renewing reality and divinity in all forms of nature and existence. This description is not very different from the original meaning of religion and its nature explained by Hill et al. ( [:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR24 ''2000'']). [:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#Fn3 ³]

Hindu is a descriptive term for the people from the other side of river Sindhu and first used by Arabs in fifth century AD. The sense of life goes beyond the senses, and individual limitations are essentially the origin of religion. The idea of Hindu religion originated from Nature worship<ref name=":0" />. Nature is personified into Gods in many places in Vedas, the ultimate source of Hinduism<ref>Vivekananda S (1896), Page 147 Practical vedanta. <nowiki>http://​www.​vivekananda.​net/​PDFBooks/​PracticalVedanta​.​pdf</nowiki>.</ref>. ''Sanātana Dharma'' was the overarching term originally used for so many spiritual paths practiced in Hindu society in ancient India. That can be loosely translated as eternal truth. Frawley (1995) translates this term as “eternal tradition” and pointed out and summarized its characteristics like it is not limited to any scripture, messiah, church, community, or particular historical end, embraces a timeless self-renewing reality and divinity in all forms of nature and existence<ref>Frawley D (1995) Arise Arjuna: Hinduism and the modern world. Voice of India, New Delhi</ref>. This description is not very different from the original meaning of religion and its nature explained by Hill et al<ref>Hill PC, Pargament KI, Hood RW, McCullough ME Jr, Swyers JP, Larson DB, Zinnbauer BJ (2000) Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: points of commonality, points of departure. J Theory Soc Behav 30(1):51–77 </ref>.

Hindu tradition acknowledges the Prasthānatrayī as its three primary sources. The texts comprising the ''Prasthānatrayī'' are the ''Upaniṣada'' , the ''Bhagavad-Gītā'', and the ''Brahmasūtra''. Concepts and their interpretations presented in this chapter are chiefly drawn from either of these sources. We present the basic tenets of spirituality, objective, and role of human life in the larger social and natural environment in this section which we think is essential to delineate the implication of path of Yoga on management.

Hindu tradition acknowledges the Prasthānatrayī as its three primary sources. The texts comprising the ''Prasthānatrayī'' are the ''Upaniṣada'' , the ''Bhagavad-Gītā'', and the ''Brahmasūtra''<ref name=":0" />.  

=== Notion of Self in Yoga Tradition ===

=== Notion of Self in Yoga Tradition ===

[[Category:Education Series]]

[[Category:Education Series]]