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=== तन्त्रम् || Tantra ===

=== तन्त्रम् || Tantra ===

The word tantra is derived from the samskrit root or dhatu तनु विस्तारे in the meanings of 'to stretch', to expand, to diffuse, spread. It is also defined as सिद्धान्तः (siddhanta), ओषधिः (Oshadhi), श्रुतिशाखाविशेषः, हेतुः, उभ-यार्थप्रयोजकम् इतिकर्त्तव्यता इति मेदिनी as per Medini kosha.  

The word tantra is derived from the samskrit root or dhatu तनु विस्तारे | ''tanu vistāre'' in the meanings of 'to stretch', to expand, to diffuse, spread. It is also defined as सिद्धान्तः (siddhanta), ओषधिः (Oshadhi), श्रुतिशाखाविशेषः, हेतुः, उभ-यार्थप्रयोजकम् इतिकर्त्तव्यता इति मेदिनी | ''śrutiśākhāviśeṣaḥ, hetuḥ, ubha-yārthaprayojakam itikarttavyatā iti medinī'' as per Medini kosha.  

It is also expressed in the meaning of 'to compose', 'to write' as per The Student's Sanskrit English Dictionary by V. S. Apte. The traditional definition of the word tantra given in Sarvatantra siddhanta padarthalakshana sangraha by Bhikshu Gaurishankara<ref name=":0" />is as follows<blockquote>तनोति विपुलानर्थान् तत्वमन्त्रसमन्वितान् | त्राणं च कुरुते यस्मात् तन्त्रमित्यभिधीयते ||</blockquote><blockquote>''Thus tantra is that which holds the diffused elements or the expanse of a subject; it is one in which are interwoven different thoughts and theories concerning a scientific subject.''<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>''Tantra can be termed as that which discusses and details subjects and concepts and also that which protects.''<ref name=":2">Mahadevan, Jayaraman (2008) Paper Presentation : ''The Doctrine of Tantrayukti'' at University of Hyderabad, Department of Sanskrit Studies</ref></blockquote>Charaka samhita gives the list of synonyms of the word tantra as तत्रायुर्वेदः शाखा विद्या सूत्रं ज्ञानं शास्त्रं लक्षणं तन्त्रमिति... Tantra is used synonymously with Ayurveda, a branch of veda, vidya (education), sutra (aphorism), jnana (knowledge), shastra, lakshana (definition).<ref name=":2" />  

It is also expressed in the meaning of 'to compose', 'to write' as per The Student's Sanskrit English Dictionary by V. S. Apte. The traditional definition of the word tantra given in Sarvatantra siddhanta padarthalakshana sangraha by Bhikshu Gaurishankara<ref name=":0" />is as follows<blockquote>तनोति विपुलानर्थान् तत्वमन्त्रसमन्वितान् | त्राणं च कुरुते यस्मात् तन्त्रमित्यभिधीयते ||</blockquote><blockquote>''tanoti vipulānarthān tatvamantrasamanvitān | trāṇaṁ ca kurute yasmāt tantramityabhidhīyate ||''</blockquote><blockquote>''Thus tantra is that which holds the diffused elements or the expanse of a subject; it is one in which are interwoven different thoughts and theories concerning a scientific subject.''<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>''Tantra can be termed as that which discusses and details subjects and concepts and also that which protects.''<ref name=":2">Mahadevan, Jayaraman (2008) Paper Presentation : ''The Doctrine of Tantrayukti'' at University of Hyderabad, Department of Sanskrit Studies</ref></blockquote>Charaka samhita gives the list of synonyms of the word tantra as तत्रायुर्वेदः शाखा विद्या सूत्रं ज्ञानं शास्त्रं लक्षणं तन्त्रमिति... | ''tatrāyurvedaḥ śākhā vidyā sūtraṁ jñānaṁ śāstraṁ lakṣaṇaṁ tantramiti...'' Tantra is used synonymously with Ayurveda, a branch of veda, vidya (education), sutra (aphorism), jnana (knowledge), shastra, lakshana (definition).<ref name=":2" />  

Tantra used as a synonym for Shastra (in this context means theory, subject) is that which holds the various aspects of a subject, into which are interwoven different thoughts, objectives, observations and proposals covering the vast expanse of the subject. Many scholars and poets including Mahakavi Kalidasa have used the word tantra to mean 'a scientific work' as mentioned by Prof. W. K. Lele. <ref name=":0" />   

Tantra used as a synonym for Shastra (in this context means theory, subject) is that which holds the various aspects of a subject, into which are interwoven different thoughts, objectives, observations and proposals covering the vast expanse of the subject. Many scholars and poets including Mahakavi Kalidasa have used the word tantra to mean 'a scientific work' as mentioned by Prof. W. K. Lele. <ref name=":0" />   

=== युक्तिः || Yukti ===

=== युक्तिः || Yukti ===

Yukti (युक्तिः) is a derivative of the the dhatu युज् in the meaning 'to unite', 'join','to employ' etc. The word ''yukti'' is an application, an arrangement, a usage, a means, a device etc.<ref name=":0" /> Sharma has offered an explanation of yukti (युक्तिः) as follows <blockquote>युज्यन्ते सङ्क्ल्प्यन्ते सम्बध्यन्ते परस्परमर्थाः सम्यक्तया प्राकरणिकेऽभिमतेऽर्थे विरोधव्याघातादिदोषमपास्यानया इति युक्तिः | युज् योजने तस्मिन् यक्तिरिति रूपं भवति | </blockquote>Meaning : Yukti is one that removes the imperfections like impropriety, contradiction from the intended meaning and thoroughly unites the meanings (in writings or compositions).Yuj is used to mean 'to arrange'.   

Yukti (युक्तिः) is a derivative of the the dhatu युज् in the meaning 'to unite', 'join','to employ' etc. The word ''yukti'' is an application, an arrangement, a usage, a means, a device etc.<ref name=":0" /> Sharma has offered an explanation of yukti (युक्तिः) as follows <blockquote>युज्यन्ते सङ्क्ल्प्यन्ते सम्बध्यन्ते परस्परमर्थाः सम्यक्तया प्राकरणिकेऽभिमतेऽर्थे विरोधव्याघातादिदोषमपास्यानया इति युक्तिः | युज् योजने तस्मिन् यक्तिरिति रूपं भवति | </blockquote><blockquote>''yujyante saṅklpyante sambadhyante parasparamarthāḥ samyaktayā prākaraṇike'bhimate'rthe virodhavyāghātādidoṣamapāsyānayā iti yuktiḥ | yuj yojane tasmin yaktiriti rūpaṁ bhavati |''</blockquote>Meaning : Yukti is one that removes the imperfections like impropriety, contradiction from the intended meaning and thoroughly unites the meanings (in writings or compositions).Yuj is used to mean 'to arrange'.   

=== Meaning ===

=== Meaning ===

तन्त्रस्य युक्तयस्तन्त्रयुक्तयः |   

तन्त्रस्य युक्तयस्तन्त्रयुक्तयः | ''tantrasya yuktayastantrayuktayaḥ |''  

A yukti thus means an inevitable tool, a scientific one, an indispensable device employed in composing a scientific treatise.<ref name=":0" /> Tantrayukti, is therefore, a device of the tantra (shastra). Dr. Jayaraman mentions the various terms in which scholars, both Indian and Western have rendered tantrayukti as follows<ref name=":2" />   

A yukti thus means an inevitable tool, a scientific one, an indispensable device employed in composing a scientific treatise.<ref name=":0" /> Tantrayukti, is therefore, a device of the tantra (shastra). Dr. Jayaraman mentions the various terms in which scholars, both Indian and Western have rendered tantrayukti as follows<ref name=":2" />   

All Bharatiya shastras, have been composed based on the tantrayukti system. One can see the application of Tantrayuktis in the composition of scientific literature such as Nyaya, Mimamsa, Vyakarana, Arthashastra, Ayurveda, Alankarashastra and Kamashastra. Such a study of methodological application is relevant to modern day studies, experiments and sciences. Here a few applications of tantrayuktis in ancient shastras is described.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" />

All Bharatiya shastras, have been composed based on the tantrayukti system. One can see the application of Tantrayuktis in the composition of scientific literature such as Nyaya, Mimamsa, Vyakarana, Arthashastra, Ayurveda, Alankarashastra and Kamashastra. Such a study of methodological application is relevant to modern day studies, experiments and sciences. Here a few applications of tantrayuktis in ancient shastras is described.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" />

# Charaka Samhita (Ayurveda) is the first recorded evidence where Tantrayukti is dealt with. A seminal work on Ayurveda, it comprises of eight Sthanas containing 9295 sutras, of which the eighth sthana called as siddhisthana, has enumerated about 36 tantrayuktis as given in the table given above.

# Charaka Samhita (Ayurveda) is the first recorded evidence where Tantrayukti is dealt with. A seminal work on Ayurveda, it comprises of eight Sthanas containing 9295 sutras, of which the eighth sthana called as siddhisthana, has enumerated about 36 tantrayuktis as given in the table given above.

# [[Sushruta Samhita]] (Surgical Medicine), a renowned text on Sastrachikitsa (Surgery) composed by Sushruta, has about six sthanas with 8300 sutras in total. Thirtytwo tantrayuktis are detailed in the sixtyfifth adhyaya by Sushruta.

# [[Sushruta Samhita (सुश्रुतसंहिता)|Sushruta Samhita]] (Surgical Medicine), a renowned text on Sastrachikitsa (Surgery) composed by Sushruta, has about six sthanas with 8300 sutras in total. Thirtytwo tantrayuktis are detailed in the sixtyfifth adhyaya by Sushruta.

# Ashtangasangraha (Ayurveda) written by Vagbhata (a second text called Ashtangahrdaya)  mentions 36 tantrayuktis in the 50th adhyaya if the Uttarasthana. Ashtangahrdaya also mentions Tantrayuktis.

# Ashtangasangraha (Ayurveda) written by Vagbhata (a second text called Ashtangahrdaya)  mentions 36 tantrayuktis in the 50th adhyaya if the Uttarasthana. Ashtangahrdaya also mentions Tantrayuktis.

# Vishnudarmottara Purana, enumerates 32 tantrayuktis in the sixth adhyaya of the third kanda.

# Vishnudarmottara Purana, enumerates 32 tantrayuktis in the sixth adhyaya of the third kanda.

== Role of Tantrayuktis ==

== Role of Tantrayuktis ==

Charaka aptly summarizes the role of tantrayuktis as follows<blockquote>यथाऽम्बुजवनस्यार्कः प्रदीपो वेश्मनो यथा ॥ 46</blockquote><blockquote>प्रबोध (न) प्रकाशार्थास्तथा तन्त्रस्य युक्तयः । एकस्मिन्नपि यस्येह शास्त्रे लब्दास्पदा मतिः॥ 47</blockquote><blockquote>स शास्त्रमन्यदप्याशु युक्तिज्ञत्वात् प्रबुध्यते ।  </blockquote>Meaning : Just as the sun causes a bed of lotuses to blossom, just a a lamp lights up a house, so also the tantrayuktis shed light on the meanings of the scientific subjects. He who gains a thorough knowledge of a shastra along with these tantrayuktis can quickly gain knowledge of another discipline too because of युक्तिज्ञत्वम् । knowledge of yuktis.  

Charaka aptly summarizes the role of tantrayuktis as follows<blockquote>यथाऽम्बुजवनस्यार्कः प्रदीपो वेश्मनो यथा ॥ 46</blockquote><blockquote>प्रबोध (न) प्रकाशार्थास्तथा तन्त्रस्य युक्तयः । एकस्मिन्नपि यस्येह शास्त्रे लब्दास्पदा मतिः॥ 47</blockquote><blockquote>स शास्त्रमन्यदप्याशु युक्तिज्ञत्वात् प्रबुध्यते ।  </blockquote><blockquote>''yathā'mbujavanasyārkaḥ pradīpo veśmano yathā ॥ 46''</blockquote><blockquote>''prabodha (na) prakāśārthāstathā tantrasya yuktayaḥ । ekasminnapi yasyeha śāstre labdāspadā matiḥ॥ 47''</blockquote><blockquote>''sa śāstramanyadapyāśu yuktijñatvāt prabudhyate ।''</blockquote>Meaning : Just as the sun causes a bed of lotuses to blossom, just a a lamp lights up a house, so also the tantrayuktis shed light on the meanings of the scientific subjects. He who gains a thorough knowledge of a shastra along with these tantrayuktis can quickly gain knowledge of another discipline too because of युक्तिज्ञत्वम् । knowledge of yuktis.  

Chakrapanidatta further refines Charaka's views by adding that along with bringing out the full exposition of the scientific topic, tantrayuktis also throw light on the hidden meaning of the content. By learning these, a medical practitioner not only saves himself from injudicious handling but also saves the life of the patient.  

Chakrapanidatta further refines Charaka's views by adding that along with bringing out the full exposition of the scientific topic, tantrayuktis also throw light on the hidden meaning of the content. By learning these, a medical practitioner not only saves himself from injudicious handling but also saves the life of the patient.