Changes

* one who performs penance and is highly knowledgeable

* one who performs penance and is highly knowledgeable

* Devaguru Brhaspati  

* Devaguru Brhaspati  

Shabdakalpadruma<ref name=":3">Shabdakalpadruma ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83 See word गुरुः])</ref> gives the various aspects of गुरुः as follows  <blockquote>गृणाति उपदिशति वेदादिशास्त्राणिइन्द्रादिदेवेभ्यः इति । one who teaches, advises (used in the sense of explaining, pointing out, informing, command, prescribe) the vedas and shastras to devatas like Indra and others.</blockquote>

Shabdakalpadruma<ref name=":3">Shabdakalpadruma ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83 See word गुरुः])</ref> gives the various aspects of गुरुः as follows  <blockquote>गृणाति उपदिशति वेदादिशास्त्राणिइन्द्रादिदेवेभ्यः इति । ''gr̥ṇāti upadiśati vedādiśāstrāṇiindrādidevebhyaḥ iti ।'' </blockquote>Meaning: One who teaches, advises (used in the sense of explaining, pointing out, informing, command, prescribe) the vedas and shastras to devatas like Indra and others.

 

Shabdakalpadruma quotes Manusmrti which explains that a Guru teaches an Upaneya (one who undergoes Upanayana samskara) and instructs him the procedures to perform sandhyavandana and other acharas (related to brahmacharya ashrama) and gives him the related sandhyopasana mantras.

Shabdakalpadruma quotes Manusmrti which explains that a Guru teaches an Upaneya (one who undergoes Upanayana samskara) and instructs him the procedures to perform sandhyavandana and other acharas (related to brahmacharya ashrama) and gives him the related sandhyopasana mantras.

: गृणाति उपनीय-सन्ध्योपासनाचारादीनि कर्म्माणि उपदिशति । उपनेता सन्ध्योपासनाद्युपदेष्टा च । यथा, मनुः । २ । ६९ ।

: गृणाति उपनीय-सन्ध्योपासनाचारादीनि कर्म्माणि उपदिशति । उपनेता सन्ध्योपासनाद्युपदेष्टा च । यथा, मनुः । २ । ६९ ।

The other representations of Guru include the Devaguru Brhaspati बृहस्पतिः सुराचार्यो गीष्पतिर्धिषणो गुरुः ।। १.३.२२३ ।। br̥haspatiḥ surācāryo gīṣpatirdhiṣaṇo guruḥ ।। 1.3.223 ।। (Amarakosha 1.3.223)<ref>Amarakosha ( [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Kanda 1 Varga 3])</ref>   

The other representations of Guru include the Devaguru Brhaspati बृहस्पतिः सुराचार्यो गीष्पतिर्धिषणो गुरुः ।। १.३.२२३ ।। br̥haspatiḥ surācāryo gīṣpatirdhiṣaṇo guruḥ ।। 1.3.223 ।। (Amarakosha 1.3.223)<ref>Amarakosha ( [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Kanda 1 Varga 3])</ref>   

=== मनुस्मृति ॥ Manusmrti ===

=== मनुस्मृति: ॥ Manusmrti ===

Manu defines a Guru as निषेकादिकृत् i.e., one who performs the various prebirth and Upanayana samskaras and helps the parents in raising the child.(Manu. Smrti 2.142)  

Manu defines a Guru as निषेकादिकृत् (''niṣekādikr̥t'') i.e., one who performs the various prebirth and Upanayana samskaras and helps the parents in raising the child.(Manu. Smrti 2.142)  

== आध्यात्मिकपिता ॥ Spiritual Father ==

== आध्यात्मिकपिता ॥ Spiritual Father ==

Here the night is indicative of Ajnana, state of darkness devoid of knowledge. It also represents the kinds of darkness signified by lack of concepts (thoughts), enquiry (examination) and content (subject matter), and incapability which are removed by the teacher.

Here the night is indicative of Ajnana, state of darkness devoid of knowledge. It also represents the kinds of darkness signified by lack of concepts (thoughts), enquiry (examination) and content (subject matter), and incapability which are removed by the teacher.

=== मनुस्मृति ॥ Manusmrti ===

=== मनुस्मृति: ॥ Manusmrti ===

Manu extols the greatness of a preceptor and lays down the role of an acharya as the spiritual father of a student.<blockquote>तत्र यद्ब्रह्मजन्मास्य मौञ्जीबन्धनचिह्नितम् । तत्रास्य माता सावित्री पिता त्वाचार्य उच्यते । । २.१७० । । </blockquote><blockquote>वेदप्रदानादाचार्यं पितरं परिचक्षते । २.१७१ । । (Manu. Smrt. 2.170-171)<ref name=":1">Manusmrti ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 2])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>tatra yadbrahmajanmāsya mauñjībandhanacihnitam । tatrāsya mātā sāvitrī pitā tvācārya ucyate । । 2.170 । ।</blockquote><blockquote>vedapradānādācāryaṁ pitaraṁ paricakṣate । 2.171 । । (Manu. Smrt. 2.170-171)</blockquote>Shruti lays down that for a dvija, the mother gives him the first birth and by Upanayana samskara he gets his second birth, by the Agnistoma and other yajnadikshas he takes the third birth. Of these three births, in the brahmajnama obtained after upanayana, mother is Savitri and Gayatri and acharya is said to be the father.<ref>Pt. Girija Prasad Dvivedi. (1917) ''The Manusmriti or Manavadharmashastra. Translated into Hindi with notes, index and critical introductions.'' Lucknow : Newul Kishore Press. ([https://archive.org/details/ManuSmritHindi-GpDwivedi/page/n191 Adhyaya 2 Page 52])</ref>

Manu extols the greatness of a preceptor and lays down the role of an acharya as the spiritual father of a student.<blockquote>तत्र यद्ब्रह्मजन्मास्य मौञ्जीबन्धनचिह्नितम् । तत्रास्य माता सावित्री पिता त्वाचार्य उच्यते । । २.१७० । । </blockquote><blockquote>वेदप्रदानादाचार्यं पितरं परिचक्षते । २.१७१ । । (Manu. Smrt. 2.170-171)<ref name=":1">Manusmrti ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 2])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>tatra yadbrahmajanmāsya mauñjībandhanacihnitam । tatrāsya mātā sāvitrī pitā tvācārya ucyate । । 2.170 । ।</blockquote><blockquote>vedapradānādācāryaṁ pitaraṁ paricakṣate । 2.171 । । (Manu. Smrt. 2.170-171)</blockquote>Shruti lays down that for a dvija, the mother gives him the first birth and by Upanayana samskara he gets his second birth, by the Agnistoma and other yajnadikshas he takes the third birth. Of these three births, in the brahmajnama obtained after upanayana, mother is Savitri and Gayatri and acharya is said to be the father.<ref>Pt. Girija Prasad Dvivedi. (1917) ''The Manusmriti or Manavadharmashastra. Translated into Hindi with notes, index and critical introductions.'' Lucknow : Newul Kishore Press. ([https://archive.org/details/ManuSmritHindi-GpDwivedi/page/n191 Adhyaya 2 Page 52])</ref>