Changes

<blockquote>तत्त्वष्टाहवनीयमुप प्रावर्तयत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति यदवर्तयत्तद्वृत्रस्य वृत्रत्वं यदब्रवीत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति तस्मादस्येन्द्रः शत्रुरभवत् | (Tait. Samh. 2.5.2)<ref name=":1">Taittriya [http://parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx Samhita] </ref></blockquote><blockquote>tattvaṣṭāhavanīyamupa prāvartayatsvāhendraśatrurvardhasveti yadavartayattadvṛtrasya vṛtratvaṃ yadabravītsvāhendraśatrurvardhasveti tasmādasyendraḥ śatrurabhavat | (Tait. Samh. 2.5.2)<ref name=":1">Taittriya [http://parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx Samhita] </ref></blockquote><blockquote>Tvasta (त्वष्टा) angered by Indra's killing of his son Vishwaroopa, initiates an abhicharika yaga (अभिचारिक-यागः | a yaga performed to cause harm to an intended person) to procure a son to kill Indra. The [[Rtvik (ऋत्विक्)|rtvijas]] (ऋत्विज्-s) were to utter the mantra "इन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्व" with Anta-Udatta (अन्त-उदात्तः) or Udatta svara in the end of the mantra (to mean, Prosper Oh ! Enemy of Indra). Instead, they used the Adya Udatta (आद्य-उदात्तः) or Udatta svara in the beginning of the mantra (meaning, Oh! Indra, one who has enemies, Prosper).So, instead of asking for the rise and prosperity of a son to take revenge on Indra, the Rtvijas asked for the prosperity and glory of Indra who destroyed Asuras. Thus, Vrtrasura, the son of Tvasta was born, an enemy of Indra, but eventually Indra was rewarded with glory in killing Vrtrasura.</blockquote>Shiksha literature is very widely available based on the different shakhas (शाखा-s | divisions) of different vedas. They are Panineeya Shiksha (पाणिनीयशिक्षा), Vyasashiksha (व्यासशिक्षा), Bharadvaja shiksha (भारद्वाजशिक्षा), Yajnavalkya Shiksha (याज्ञवलक्यशिक्षा), Parashara shiksha (पराशरशिक्षा), Vasishtee shiksha (वासिष्टीशिक्षा), Katyayanee shiksha (कात्यायनीशिक्षा), Madhyandinee shiksha (माध्यन्दिनीशिक्षा), Keshavee shiksha (केशवीशिक्षा), Amoghanandinee shiksha (अमोघानन्दिनीशिक्षा), Mandavya shiksha (माण्डव्यशिक्षा), Mallasharma shiksha (मल्लशर्मशिक्षा), Svarakusha shiksha (स्वराकुशशिक्षा), Shodasha shiksha (षोडशशिक्षा), Naradeeya shiksha (नारदीयशिक्षा), Mandukeeya shiksha ( माण्डुकीयशिक्षा), Svarabhaktilakshana (स्वरभक्तिलक्षणशिक्षा), Avasananirnaya shiksha (अवसाननिर्णयशिक्षा), Varnaratna pradeepika shiksha (वर्णरत्नप्रदीपिकाशिक्षा) among many others.

<blockquote>तत्त्वष्टाहवनीयमुप प्रावर्तयत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति यदवर्तयत्तद्वृत्रस्य वृत्रत्वं यदब्रवीत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति तस्मादस्येन्द्रः शत्रुरभवत् | (Tait. Samh. 2.5.2)<ref name=":1">Taittriya [http://parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx Samhita] </ref></blockquote><blockquote>tattvaṣṭāhavanīyamupa prāvartayatsvāhendraśatrurvardhasveti yadavartayattadvṛtrasya vṛtratvaṃ yadabravītsvāhendraśatrurvardhasveti tasmādasyendraḥ śatrurabhavat | (Tait. Samh. 2.5.2)<ref name=":1">Taittriya [http://parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx Samhita] </ref></blockquote><blockquote>Tvasta (त्वष्टा) angered by Indra's killing of his son Vishwaroopa, initiates an abhicharika yaga (अभिचारिक-यागः | a yaga performed to cause harm to an intended person) to procure a son to kill Indra. The [[Rtvik (ऋत्विक्)|rtvijas]] (ऋत्विज्-s) were to utter the mantra "इन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्व" with Anta-Udatta (अन्त-उदात्तः) or Udatta svara in the end of the mantra (to mean, Prosper Oh ! Enemy of Indra). Instead, they used the Adya Udatta (आद्य-उदात्तः) or Udatta svara in the beginning of the mantra (meaning, Oh! Indra, one who has enemies, Prosper).So, instead of asking for the rise and prosperity of a son to take revenge on Indra, the Rtvijas asked for the prosperity and glory of Indra who destroyed Asuras. Thus, Vrtrasura, the son of Tvasta was born, an enemy of Indra, but eventually Indra was rewarded with glory in killing Vrtrasura.</blockquote>Shiksha literature is very widely available based on the different shakhas (शाखा-s | divisions) of different vedas. They are Panineeya Shiksha (पाणिनीयशिक्षा), Vyasashiksha (व्यासशिक्षा), Bharadvaja shiksha (भारद्वाजशिक्षा), Yajnavalkya Shiksha (याज्ञवलक्यशिक्षा), Parashara shiksha (पराशरशिक्षा), Vasishtee shiksha (वासिष्टीशिक्षा), Katyayanee shiksha (कात्यायनीशिक्षा), Madhyandinee shiksha (माध्यन्दिनीशिक्षा), Keshavee shiksha (केशवीशिक्षा), Amoghanandinee shiksha (अमोघानन्दिनीशिक्षा), Mandavya shiksha (माण्डव्यशिक्षा), Mallasharma shiksha (मल्लशर्मशिक्षा), Svarakusha shiksha (स्वराकुशशिक्षा), Shodasha shiksha (षोडशशिक्षा), Naradeeya shiksha (नारदीयशिक्षा), Mandukeeya shiksha ( माण्डुकीयशिक्षा), Svarabhaktilakshana (स्वरभक्तिलक्षणशिक्षा), Avasananirnaya shiksha (अवसाननिर्णयशिक्षा), Varnaratna pradeepika shiksha (वर्णरत्नप्रदीपिकाशिक्षा) among many others.

=== कल्पः ॥ Kalpa ===

=== कल्पः ॥ Kalpa ===

* एष वै प्रथमः कल्पः प्रदाने हव्यकव्ययोः । eṣa vai prathamaḥ kalpaḥ pradāne havyakavyayoḥ । [[Manu Smriti|Manusmriti]] (3.147)<ref>Manusmriti [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 (3.147)]</ref> defines Kalpa as विधिः । Vidhi to follow in the offering of हव्यकव्याः | havyakavyas (yajna vidhis).  

[[Kalpa Vedanga (कल्पवेदाङ्गम्)|Kalpa (कल्पः)]] forms a set of texts which pertain to the different activities related to yajnas. Kalpa texts are composed in the famous Sutra format and have played a very significant role in the development of shastras such as Nyaya, Dharmas, Ganita (mathematics) in the subsequent times.

There are 4 types of Kalpa sutras

There are 4 types of Kalpa sutras

# '''श्रौतसूत्राणि || Shrauta sutras''' - explain the दर्शपौर्णमासयज्ञः || Darshapournamasa Yajna and others as defined by Shruti  

# '''श्रौतसूत्राणि || Shrauta sutras''' - explain the दर्शपौर्णमासयज्ञः || Darshapournamasa Yajna and others as defined by Shruti  

# '''धर्मसूत्राणि || Dharma sutras''' - extensively give the dharmika rules for general people and the rulers

# '''गृह्यसूत्राणि || Grhya sutras''' - explain the [[Yajna (यज्ञः)|yajnas]] and [[Samskaras (संस्काराः)|samskaras]] (ceremonies) applicable to the domestic life a man and his family from birth to death and are to be followed by all people. The performance of Grhya yajnas requires only the laukikagni or domestic fire (aavasthya).

# '''गृह्यसूत्राणि || Grhya sutras''' - explain the yajnas to be followed by the brahmanas, kshatriyas and vaishyas

# '''धर्मसूत्राणि || Dharma sutras''' - extensively give the dharmika rules for general people and the rulers. They are directly connected with the Grhyasutras which deal with dharma. Therefore, they deal with both secular and religious laws.

# '''शुल्बसूत्राणि || Shulba sutras''' - Shastra for measurements, include the rekhaganita (रेखागणितम् | geometrical principles) laid down for vedic constructions.

# '''शुल्बसूत्राणि || Shulba sutras''' - Shastra for measurements, include the rekhaganita (रेखागणितम् | geometrical principles) laid down for vaidika constructions.

==== श्रौतसूत्राणि || Shrauta Sutras ====

==== श्रौतसूत्राणि || Shrauta Sutras ====

The Shrauta Sutras vividly describe the procedures for Darshapournamasa yajna (दर्शपौर्णमासयज्ञः) and other yajnas such as Agnihotra (अग्निहोत्रम्), Pashu yajna (पशुयज्ञः), and Soma yajna (सोमयज्ञः) among others as set forth in Shruti literature. Thus, it can be said that in Shrauta Sutras the explanations given in different Vaidika Brahamanas regarding Shrautagni yajnas (श्रौताग्नियज्ञाः) are dealt with in an orderly manner.

The Shrauta Sutras vividly describe the procedures for the vaidika yajnas such as Darshapournamasa yajna (दर्शपौर्णमासयज्ञः), Agnihotra (अग्निहोत्रम्), Pashu yajna (पशुयज्ञः), and Soma yajna (सोमयज्ञः) among others as set forth in Shruti literature. Thus, it can be said that in Shrauta Sutras the explanations given in different Vaidika Brahamanas regarding Shrautagni yajnas (श्रौताग्नियज्ञाः) are dealt with in an orderly manner.

 

Of the available Shrauta sutras the important ones are - Ashvalayana (आश्वलायनः), Shankhayana (शाङ्खायनः), Manava (मानवः), Baudhayana (बौधायनः), Aapastamba (आपस्तम्बः), Hiranyakeshi (हिरण्यकेषी), Jaimineeya (जैमिनीयः), Katyayana (कात्यायनः), Vaitana (वैतानः), Latyayana (लाट्यायनः), Drahyayana Shrauta sutras (द्राह्यायनः).

==== धर्मसूत्राणि || Dharma Sutras ====

==== धर्मसूत्राणि || Dharma Sutras ====

Dharma Sutras expound the rules of Dharma and the actions (activities) to be performed by a person in general as well as the king or the ruler. A complete set of rules to be followed by the different people of different occupations and for those in the four ashramas (ब्रह्मचार्यः | brahmacharya, गृहस्थः | grhastha, वानप्रस्थः | vanaprastha and सन्यासः | sanyasa) are described in these sutras. Thus, it can be said that the topics related to the spiritual world, this material world, society and social activities, and all righteous activities are described in a holistic manner. Available important Dharma sutras include Vasishta (वासिष्ठः), Gautama (गौतमः), Baudhayana (बौधायनः), Apastamba (आपस्तम्बः), Manava (मानवः) Dharma sutras.

Dharma Sutras expound the rules of Dharma and the actions (activities) to be performed by a person in general as well as the king or the ruler. A complete set of rules to be followed by the different people of different occupations and for those in the four ashramas (ब्रह्मचार्यः | brahmacharya, गृहस्थः | grhastha, वानप्रस्थः | vanaprastha and सन्यासः | sanyasa) are described in these sutras. Thus, it can be said that the topics related to the spiritual world, this material world, society and social activities, and all righteous activities are described in a holistic manner.  

==== गृह्यसूत्राणि || Grhya Sutras ====

==== गृह्यसूत्राणि || Grhya Sutras ====

Grhya Sutras extensively discuss the yajnas to be performed by the brahmana, kshatriya and vaishya people. Most importantly, the षोडशसंस्काराः | Shodasa samskaras (from गर्भाधानम् | Garbhadhana to अन्त्येष्टिः | Antyeshti) that are performed for a person from birth till death are expounded vividly in these sutras. Thus, how a grhasta should lead his life and the procedure in which he has to conduct different dharmic activities are completely described here. The seven kinds of Grhya yajnas (गृह्ययज्ञाः) to be performed are:

Grhya Sutras extensively discuss the yajnas (different from Shrauta Yajnas) to be performed by the brahmana, kshatriya and vaishya people. Most importantly, the षोडशसंस्काराः | Shodasa samskaras (from गर्भाधानम् | Garbhadhana to अन्त्येष्टिः | Antyeshti) that are performed for a person from birth till death are expounded vividly in these sutras. Thus, how a grhasta should lead his life and the procedure in which he has to conduct different dharmic activities are completely described here. The seven kinds of Grhya yajnas (गृह्ययज्ञाः) to be performed are:

# पितृयज्ञः || Pitru Yajna

# पितृयज्ञः || Pitru Yajna

# पार्वणयज्ञः || Parvana Yajna

# पार्वणयज्ञः || Parvana Yajna

# आग्रहायणीयज्ञः || Agrahayanee Yajna

# आग्रहायणीयज्ञः || Agrahayanee Yajna

# चैत्रॆययज्ञः || Chaitreya Yajna

# चैत्रॆययज्ञः || Chaitreya Yajna

Apart from these seven, there are [[Panchamahayajnas (पञ्चमहायज्ञाः)|पञ्चयज्ञाः || Panchayajnas]] (five Yajnas) namely

Apart from these seven, there are [[Panchamahayajnas (पञ्चमहायज्ञाः)|पञ्चमहायज्ञाः || Panchamahayajnas]] (five Yajnas) to be performed by all people which are

# देवयज्ञः || Deva yajna  

# देवयज्ञः || Deva yajna  

# भूतयज्ञः  || Bhuta yajna  

# [[Bhuta Yajna (भूतयज्ञः)|भूतयज्ञः  || Bhuta yajna]]

# पितृयज्ञः  || Pitru yajna  

# पितृयज्ञः  || Pitru yajna  

# ब्रह्मयज्ञः  || Brahma yajna  

# ब्रह्मयज्ञः  || Brahma yajna  

# मनुष्ययज्ञः  || Manushya yajnas.

# [[Nru Yajna (नृयज्ञः)|मनुष्ययज्ञः  || Manushya yajnas.]]

Available important Grhya sutras include Ashvalayana (आश्वलायनः), Shankhayana ( शाङ्खायनः), Manava (मानवः), Baudhayana (बौधायनः), Apastamba (आपस्तम्बः) Grhya sutras.

|+Available Kalpasutra Literature

|Ashvalayana (आश्वलायनः)

|Varaha (वाराहः), Vadhula (वाधूलः)

|Shankhayana (शाङ्खायनः)

|Hiranyakeshi (हिरण्यकेषी), Jaimineeya (जैमिनीयः), Vaitana (वैतानः), Latyayana (लाट्यायनः), Drahyayana Shrauta sutras (द्राह्यायनः)

| colspan="4" |Apastamba (आपस्तम्बः), Manava (मानवः), Baudhayana (बौधायनः) are commonly available Kalpa literature under all the four headings.

=== व्याकरणम् ॥ Vyakarana ===

=== व्याकरणम् ॥ Vyakarana ===

Vyakarana is described as the Veda purusha's face.<blockquote>व्याक्रियन्ते शब्दाः अनेन इति व्याकरणम् । vyākriyante śabdāḥ anena iti vyākaraṇam । </blockquote><blockquote>व्याक्रियन्ते व्युत्पाद्यन्ते साधुशब्दा अस्मिन् अनेनेति वा . इति दुर्गादासः .. is the व्युत्पत्ति-अर्थः || vyutpatti artha or the subjective definition of word according to Durgadasa in Shabdakalpadruma</blockquote>Shabdakalpadruma also gives deliberates on the content matter of Vyakarana as "तत्र साध्यसाधनकर्त्तृकर्म्मक्रिया-समासादिनिरूपणम् ." One where all grammatical aspects (vibhaktis, samasas etc are shown or derived)

Vyakarana is described as the Veda purusha's face.<blockquote>व्याक्रियन्ते शब्दाः अनेन इति व्याकरणम् । vyākriyante śabdāḥ anena iti vyākaraṇam । </blockquote><blockquote>व्याक्रियन्ते व्युत्पाद्यन्ते साधुशब्दा अस्मिन् अनेनेति वा . इति दुर्गादासः .. is the व्युत्पत्ति-अर्थः || vyutpatti artha or the subjective definition of word according to Durgadasa in Shabdakalpadruma</blockquote>Shabdakalpadruma also gives deliberates on the content matter of Vyakarana as "तत्र साध्यसाधनकर्त्तृकर्म्मक्रिया-समासादिनिरूपणम् ." One where all grammatical aspects (vibhaktis, samasas etc are shown or derived)