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Line 156: − == Macro and Microcosmic Time Scales == − Different versions of time scales are given in various texts ranging from Puranas to Siddhantas. A few examples have been compiled in the table below. − + − + − !Surya Siddhanta<ref name=":5" /> − + − + − |Prana − + − + − |6 Pranas = Pala + + + − |3 Vedhas = Lava − |30 Kashthas = 1 Kalaa − |4 Padas (124 Kashtas) = 1 Kalaa − |60 Palas = Nadika or Nadi or Ghatika + + + − |3 Lavas = Nimesha − |15 Kalaas = 1 Nadika − |10 and 1/20 Kalaas = 1 Nadika − |60 Ghatikas = Nakahsatra Ahoratra − + − + − |30 Nakshatra Ahoratras = Nakshatra Masa − + − + − |30 Savana (terrestrial) = Savana Month − + − + − | − + − + − | − + − + − | − + − + − | Line 241:
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→Brahma Ayuh
Indian astronomical siddhantas assumed that at the commencement of the Kalpa all the planets including Ketu were in conjunction (at the same celestial longitude) at the first point of Mesha and the ascending node (Rahu) of the Moon was 180 degrees away (i.e., at the first point of Tula).<ref name=":1">Balachandra Rao, S. (2014) Indian Astronomy. Concepts and Procedures. Benguluru : M.P. Birla Institute of Management</ref>
Indian astronomical siddhantas assumed that at the commencement of the Kalpa all the planets including Ketu were in conjunction (at the same celestial longitude) at the first point of Mesha and the ascending node (Rahu) of the Moon was 180 degrees away (i.e., at the first point of Tula).<ref name=":1">Balachandra Rao, S. (2014) Indian Astronomy. Concepts and Procedures. Benguluru : M.P. Birla Institute of Management</ref>
=== Brahma Ayuh ===
=== ब्राह्मायुः ॥ Brahma Ayuh ===
The largest Indian time cycle is that of 100 years of the life of Brahma. Like [[Indra (इन्द्रः)|Indra]] is a position, Brahma is also a position of a creator. <blockquote>एवंविधैरहोरात्रैः कालगत्योपलक्षितैः । अपक्षितमिवास्यापि परमायुर्वयःशतम् ॥ ३२ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>यदर्धमायुषस्तस्य परार्धमभिधीयते । पूर्वः परार्धोऽपक्रान्तो ह्यपरोऽद्य प्रवर्तते ॥ ३३ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>पूर्वस्यादौ परार्धस्य ब्राह्मो नाम महानभूत् । कल्पो यत्राभवद्ब्रह्मा शब्दब्रह्मेति यं विदुः ॥ ३४ ॥ (Bhag. Pura. 3.11.32-34)<ref name=":3" /></blockquote>Summary : In due course of Kala, with such types of days and nights as described above, even the Ayu (long span of life) of 100 years of Brahma comes to an end. Half of this Brahmayu is called Parardha (परार्धः). The first parardha of Brahma's life has passed, now the other half is running.
The largest Indian time cycle is that of 100 years of the life of Brahma. Like [[Indra (इन्द्रः)|Indra]] is a position, Brahma is also a position of a creator. <blockquote>एवंविधैरहोरात्रैः कालगत्योपलक्षितैः । अपक्षितमिवास्यापि परमायुर्वयःशतम् ॥ ३२ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>यदर्धमायुषस्तस्य परार्धमभिधीयते । पूर्वः परार्धोऽपक्रान्तो ह्यपरोऽद्य प्रवर्तते ॥ ३३ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>पूर्वस्यादौ परार्धस्य ब्राह्मो नाम महानभूत् । कल्पो यत्राभवद्ब्रह्मा शब्दब्रह्मेति यं विदुः ॥ ३४ ॥ (Bhag. Pura. 3.11.32-34)<ref name=":3" /></blockquote>Summary : In due course of Kala, with such types of days and nights as described above, even the Ayu (long span of life) of 100 years of Brahma comes to an end. Half of this Brahmayu is called Parardha (परार्धः). The first parardha of Brahma's life has passed, now the other half is running.
Bhagavata Purana describes the smallest particles as Paramanus, two of which make up an Anu. Three such anus make up the Trasarenu. It is the smallest particle which is visible. (Bhag. Pura. 3.11.5-8)<ref name=":3" /> Another measure of Kala as mentioned in the Prashastapada Bhashya (chap 5) is also tabularized. After the lapse of a hundred years of Brahma (1 year of Brahma has 360 days of Brahma or Kalpa) there comes the time for the final deliverance of the Brahma of the time.<ref name=":6">Prashastapada Bhashya ([https://archive.org/details/prashastapadabhashya/page/n61 Chapter 5])</ref>
Bhagavata Purana describes the smallest particles as Paramanus, two of which make up an Anu. Three such anus make up the Trasarenu. It is the smallest particle which is visible. (Bhag. Pura. 3.11.5-8)<ref name=":3" /> Another measure of Kala as mentioned in the Prashastapada Bhashya (chap 5) is also tabularized. After the lapse of a hundred years of Brahma (1 year of Brahma has 360 days of Brahma or Kalpa) there comes the time for the final deliverance of the Brahma of the time.<ref name=":6">Prashastapada Bhashya ([https://archive.org/details/prashastapadabhashya/page/n61 Chapter 5])</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kala in Macro and Microcosmic Scales
|+Kala in Macro and Microcosmic Scales
!No
!No
!Shiva Purana
!Surya Siddhanta<ref name=":5" />
!Bhagavata Purana<ref name=":3" />
!Bhagavata Purana<ref name=":3" />
!Vaiseshika Darshana<ref name=":6" />
!Vaiseshika Darshana<ref name=":6" />
!Vedanga Jyotisha<ref>Kuppanna Sastry, T. S. and Sarma, K. V. (1985) ''Vedanga Jyotisa of Lagadha in its Rk and Yajus Recensions with the translation and notes of Prof. T. S. Kuppanna Sastry.'' New Delhi : Indian National Science Academy</ref>
!Shiva Purana
|-
|-
|1
|1
|Kshana
|Prana
|3 Trasarenu = Truti
|3 Trasarenu = Truti
|1 Nimesha = time taken for twinkling of eyes
|1 Nimesha = time taken for twinkling of eyes
|5 Gurvaksharas (letters of double maatra) or 10 matras = 1 Kashta
|Kshana
|-
|-
|2
|2
|Truti
|6 Pranas = Pala
|100 Trutis = Vedha
|100 Trutis = Vedha
|5 Nimesha = 1 Kashtha
|5 Nimesha = 1 Kashtha
|31 Kashtas = 1 Pada
|Truti
|-
|-
|3
|3
|60 Palas = Nadika or Nadi or Ghatika
|3 Vedhas = Lava
|30 Kashthas = 1 Kala
|Lava
|Lava
|-
|-
|4
|4
|60 Ghatikas = Nakahsatra Ahoratra
|3 Lavas = Nimesha
|15 Kalas = 1 Nadika
|Nimesha
|Nimesha
|-
|-
|5
|5
|Kashta
|30 Nakshatra Ahoratras = Nakshatra Masa
|3 Nimeshas = Kshana
|3 Nimeshas = Kshana
|30 Kalas = 1 Muhurta
|30 Kalas = 1 Muhurta
|2 Nadikas = 1 Muhurtha
|Kashta
|-
|-
|6
|6
|Muhurta
|30 Savana (terrestrial) = Savana Month
|5 Kshanas = Kashta
|5 Kshanas = Kashta
|30 Muhurtas = 1 Ahoratra (day and night)
|30 Muhurtas = 1 Ahoratra (day and night)
|30 Muhurthas = 1 Day (i.e., the civil day)
|Muhurta
|-
|-
|7
|7
|Ahoratram
|
|15 Kashtas = Laghu
|15 Kashtas = Laghu
|15 Ahoratras = 1 Paksha (fort-night)
|15 Ahoratras = 1 Paksha (fort-night)
|366 Days = 12 Solar months or 6 Rtus, or 2 Ayanas, or 1 Solar year
|Ahoratra
|-
|-
|8
|8
|Paksha
|
|15 Laghus = Nadika or Ghatika
|15 Laghus = Nadika or Ghatika
|2 Pakshas = 1 Masa (Month)
|2 Pakshas = 1 Masa (Month)
|5 Solar Years = 1 Yuga
|Paksha
|-
|-
|9
|9
|Masa
|
|2 Nadikas = Muhurta
|2 Nadikas = Muhurta
|2 Masas = 1 Rtu (Season)
|2 Masas = 1 Rtu (Season)
|
|Masa
|-
|-
|10
|10
|Abda (year)
|
|6 or 7 nadikas = Prahara/Yama
|6 or 7 nadikas = Prahara/Yama
|3 Rtus or 6 Masas = 1 Ayana (Uttarayana = 1 Day of Devatas, Dakshinayana = 1 Night of Devatas)
|3 Rtus or 6 Masas = 1 Ayana (Uttarayana = 1 Day of Devatas, Dakshinayana = 1 Night of Devatas)
|
|Abda
|-
|-
|11
|11
|4 Yamas = Day and Night (Ahahoratri)
|4 Yamas = Day and Night (Ahahoratri)
|6 Rtus or 12 Masas = 1 Samvatsara (Earth Year)
|6 Rtus or 12 Masas = 1 Samvatsara (Earth Year)
|
|
|-
|-
|15 Days = Paksha
|15 Days = Paksha
|360 Samvatsaras(Earth years) = 1 Divyavarsha (1 Year of Devatas)
|360 Samvatsaras(Earth years) = 1 Divyavarsha (1 Year of Devatas)
|
|
|-
|-
|2 Pakshas = 1 Masa
|2 Pakshas = 1 Masa
|1200 Divyavarshas = The Four Yugas
|1200 Divyavarshas = The Four Yugas
|
|
|-
|-
|2 Masas = Rtu
|2 Masas = Rtu
|1000 Four yugas = 1 Day of Brahma
|1000 Four yugas = 1 Day of Brahma
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|6 Masas = Ayana
|6 Masas = Ayana
|
|
|
|
|
|
|2 Ayanas = Samvatsara
|2 Ayanas = Samvatsara
|
|
|
|