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Line 104: − − == Kala in Puranas == − Shivapurana mentions that Kala is controlled by Sadashiva with time based on the divisions involving Kshana, Truti, Lava, Nimesha, Kashtha, Muhurta, Day, NIght, Paksha, Masa, season, Samvatsara, Yuga, Kalpa and Mahakalpa<ref>Shastri, J. L. (1960) Shiva Purana, Volume 3, Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Series. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Pvt. Ltd. ([https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459585/page/n492 Adhyaya 25 of Uma Samhita on Page 1558])</ref> as given in the following slokas<blockquote>क्षणं त्रुटिर्लवं चैव निमेषं काष्ठकालिकम् ।। ३८ ।। </blockquote><blockquote>मुहूर्तकं त्वहोरात्रं पक्षमासर्तुवत्सरम् ।। अब्दं युगं तथा कल्पं महाकल्पं तथैव च ।। ३९ ।। </blockquote><blockquote>एवं स हरते कालः परिपाट्या सदाशिवः ।। (Shiv. Pura. 5.25.38 - 40)<ref>Shiva Purana (Samhita 5 (Uma Samhita) [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A5%AB_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE)/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB Adhyaya 25])</ref></blockquote> Line 114:
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→Surya Siddhanta: added Shivapurana details in table
Many other eras have been in use, Saptarshi, Yudhisthira, Buddha nirvana, Mahavira nirvana, Bengali san, Lakshmanasena among others.<ref name=":1" />
Many other eras have been in use, Saptarshi, Yudhisthira, Buddha nirvana, Mahavira nirvana, Bengali san, Lakshmanasena among others.<ref name=":1" />
== Microcosmic Time Scale ==
== Microcosmic Time Scale ==
<blockquote>प्राणादिः कथितो मूर्तः त्रुट्याद्योऽमूर्तसंज्ञकः । षड्भिःप्राणैः विनाडी स्यात्तत्षष्ट्या नाडिका स्मृता ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>नाडी षष्ट्या तु नाक्षत्रमहोरात्रं प्रकीर्तितम् । तत्त्रिंशता भवेन्मासः सावनोऽर्कोदयैःस्मृतः ॥</blockquote><blockquote>ऐन्दवस्तिथिभिः तद्वत्सङ्क्रान्त्या सौर उच्यते । मासैर्द्वादशभिर्वर्ष दिव्यं तदह उच्यते ॥ (Sury. Sidd. 11 - 13)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Summary : The time called Murta begins with Prana and the time called Amurta begins with Truti. The time which contains six Pranas is called Pala and that which contains sixty Palas is called a Nadika (also called Nadi or ghatika). The time which contains sixty Ghatikas is called Naakshatra Ahoratra (Sidereal Day and Night). Thirty Naakshatra Ahoratras makes up a Naakshatra Masa. Thirty Savana days (day counted from Sunrise to sunset) make a Savana month.
<blockquote>प्राणादिः कथितो मूर्तः त्रुट्याद्योऽमूर्तसंज्ञकः । षड्भिःप्राणैः विनाडी स्यात्तत्षष्ट्या नाडिका स्मृता ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>नाडी षष्ट्या तु नाक्षत्रमहोरात्रं प्रकीर्तितम् । तत्त्रिंशता भवेन्मासः सावनोऽर्कोदयैःस्मृतः ॥</blockquote><blockquote>ऐन्दवस्तिथिभिः तद्वत्सङ्क्रान्त्या सौर उच्यते । मासैर्द्वादशभिर्वर्ष दिव्यं तदह उच्यते ॥ (Sury. Sidd. 11 - 13)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Summary : The time called Murta begins with Prana and the time called Amurta begins with Truti. The time which contains six Pranas is called Pala and that which contains sixty Palas is called a Nadika (also called Nadi or ghatika). The time which contains sixty Ghatikas is called Naakshatra Ahoratra (Sidereal Day and Night). Thirty Naakshatra Ahoratras makes up a Naakshatra Masa. Thirty Savana days (day counted from Sunrise to sunset) make a Savana month.
Bhagavata Purana describes the smallest particles as Paramanus, two of which make up an Anu. Three such anus make up the Trasarenu. It is the smallest particle which is visible. (Bhag. Pura. 3.11.5-8)<ref name=":3" /> Another measure of Kala as mentioned in the Prashastapada Bhashya (chap 5) is also tabularized. After the lapse of a hundred years of Brahma (1 year of Brahma has 360 days of Brahma) there comes the time for the final deliverance of the Brahma of the time.<ref name=":6">Prashastapada Bhashya ([https://archive.org/details/prashastapadabhashya/page/n61 Chapter 5])</ref>
=== Shiva Mahapurana ===
Shivapurana mentions that Kala is controlled by Sadashiva with time based on the divisions involving Kshana, Truti, Lava, Nimesha, Kashtha, Muhurta, Day, NIght, Paksha, Masa, season, Samvatsara, Yuga, Kalpa and Mahakalpa<ref>Shastri, J. L. (1960) Shiva Purana, Volume 3, Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Series. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Pvt. Ltd. ([https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459585/page/n492 Adhyaya 25 of Uma Samhita on Page 1558])</ref> as given in the following slokas<blockquote>क्षणं त्रुटिर्लवं चैव निमेषं काष्ठकालिकम् ।। ३८ ।। </blockquote><blockquote>मुहूर्तकं त्वहोरात्रं पक्षमासर्तुवत्सरम् ।। अब्दं युगं तथा कल्पं महाकल्पं तथैव च ।। ३९ ।। </blockquote><blockquote>एवं स हरते कालः परिपाट्या सदाशिवः ।। (Shiv. Pura. 5.25.38 - 40)<ref>Shiva Purana (Samhita 5 (Uma Samhita) [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A5%AB_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE)/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB Adhyaya 25])</ref></blockquote>
Bhagavata Purana describes the smallest particles as Paramanus, two of which make up an Anu. Three such anus make up the Trasarenu. It is the smallest particle which is visible. (Bhag. Pura. 3.11.5-8)<ref name=":3" /> Another measure of Kala as mentioned in the Prashastapada Bhashya (chap 5) is also tabularized. After the lapse of a hundred years of Brahma (1 year of Brahma has 360 days of Brahma or Kalpa) there comes the time for the final deliverance of the Brahma of the time.<ref name=":6">Prashastapada Bhashya ([https://archive.org/details/prashastapadabhashya/page/n61 Chapter 5])</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Microcosmic Time
|+Kala in Microcosmic Scale
!No
!No
!Surya Siddhanta
!Surya Siddhanta<ref name=":5" />
!Bhagavata Purana<ref name=":3" />
!Bhagavata Purana<ref name=":3" />
!Vaiseshika Darshana<ref name=":6" />
!Vaiseshika Darshana<ref name=":6" />
!Shiva Purana
|-
|-
|1
|1
|3 Trasarenu = Truti
|3 Trasarenu = Truti
|1 Nimesha = time taken for twinkling of eyes
|1 Nimesha = time taken for twinkling of eyes
|Kshana
|-
|-
|2
|2
|Pala
|6 Pranas = Pala
|100 Trutis = Vedha
|100 Trutis = Vedha
|5 Nimesha = 1 Kashtha
|5 Nimesha = 1 Kashtha
|Truti
|-
|-
|3
|3
|Nadika or Nadi or Ghatika
|60 Palas = Nadika or Nadi or Ghatika
|3 Vedhas = Lava
|3 Vedhas = Lava
|30 Kashthas = 1 Kala
|30 Kashthas = 1 Kala
|Lava
|-
|-
|4
|4
|Ahoratra
|60 Ghatikas = Nakahsatra Ahoratra
|3 Lavas = Nimesha
|3 Lavas = Nimesha
|15 Kalas = 1 Nadika
|15 Kalas = 1 Nadika
|Nimesha
|-
|-
|5
|5
|Masa
|30 Nakshatra Ahoratras = Nakshatra Masa
|3 Nimeshas = Kshana
|3 Nimeshas = Kshana
|30 Kalas = 1 Muhurta
|30 Kalas = 1 Muhurta
|Kashta
|-
|-
|6
|6
|
|30 Savana (terrestrial) = Savana Month
|5 Kshanas = Kashta
|5 Kshanas = Kashta
|30 Muhurtas = 1 Ahoratra (day and night)
|30 Muhurtas = 1 Ahoratra (day and night)
|Muhurta
|-
|-
|7
|7
|15 Kashtas = Laghu
|15 Kashtas = Laghu
|15 Ahoratras = 1 Paksha (fort-night)
|15 Ahoratras = 1 Paksha (fort-night)
|Ahoratra
|-
|-
|8
|8
|15 Laghus = Nadika or Ghatika
|15 Laghus = Nadika or Ghatika
|2 Pakshas = 1 Masa (Month)
|2 Pakshas = 1 Masa (Month)
|Paksha
|-
|-
|9
|9
|2 Nadikas = Muhurta
|2 Nadikas = Muhurta
|2 Masas = 1 Rtu (Season)
|2 Masas = 1 Rtu (Season)
|Masa
|-
|-
|10
|10
|6 or 7 nadikas = Prahara/Yama
|6 or 7 nadikas = Prahara/Yama
|3 Rtus or 6 Masas = 1 Ayana (Uttarayana = 1 Day of Devatas, Dakshinayana = 1 Night of Devatas)
|3 Rtus or 6 Masas = 1 Ayana (Uttarayana = 1 Day of Devatas, Dakshinayana = 1 Night of Devatas)
|Abda
|-
|-
|11
|11
|4 Yamas = Day and Night (Ahahoratri)
|4 Yamas = Day and Night (Ahahoratri)
|6 Rtus or 12 Masas = 1 Samvatsara (Earth Year)
|6 Rtus or 12 Masas = 1 Samvatsara (Earth Year)
|
|-
|-
|12
|12
|15 Days = Paksha
|15 Days = Paksha
|360 Samvatsaras(Earth years) = 1 Divyavarsha (1 Year of Devatas)
|360 Samvatsaras(Earth years) = 1 Divyavarsha (1 Year of Devatas)
|
|-
|-
|13
|13
|2 Pakshas = 1 Masa
|2 Pakshas = 1 Masa
|1200 Divyavarshas = The Four Yugas
|1200 Divyavarshas = The Four Yugas
|
|-
|-
|14
|14
|2 Masas = Rtu
|2 Masas = Rtu
|1000 Four yugas = 1 Day of Brahma
|1000 Four yugas = 1 Day of Brahma
|
|-
|-
|15
|15
|
|
|6 Masas = Ayana
|6 Masas = Ayana
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|2 Ayanas = Samvatsara
|2 Ayanas = Samvatsara
|
|
|
|}
|}