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Line 21: − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − {| class="wikitable" − |+Kala as in Vishnu Purana − !Unit − !Definition − |- − | − | − |- − | − | − |- − | − | − |} Line 69:
Line 73: − + − − === युगम् ॥ Yuga === − An epoch. One of the four large periods into which the basic Chaturyuga cycle is divided, it forms the basic Indian cycle of creation and destruction. According to the puranas and the astronomical texts one Chaturyuga consists of 43,20,000 solar years. Thousand Chaturyugas form a Kalpa, which is the larger cycle of creation and destruction, and is seen as a day of Brahma. The four Yugas comprising the Chaturyuga are: Krita, Treta, Dvapara and Kali. − − ==== Krita Yuga ==== − The first Yuga of the Chaturyuga cycle. In this Yuga Dharma represented by the bull supporting the universe stands securely on all four legs. The four legs of Dharma are said to be Satya, Ahimsa, Daya, Dana, truth, non-injury, kindness and generosity, respectively, in rough translation. According to the calculations of the Puranas, the length of the Krita yuga is 17,28,000 years. But with the passage of time, the universe starts getting more and more complex. The innate order starts getting disturbed. Dharma starts getting weakened. And, towards the end of Krita, the creator has to take birth on earth in various forms to re-establish the dharma. − − ==== Treta Yuga ==== − The second Yuga of the Chaturyuga cycle. In this Yuga the bull representing Dharma stands on three feet. − − ==== Dvapara Yuga ==== − The third of the four yugas of the Chaturyuga cycle. In this Yuga the bull representing dharma, that holds the earth, is left with only two feet. Dvapara in the current Chaturyuga begins with the ascendance of Srirama and ends with the ascendance of Srikrishna from the earth. − − ==== Kali Yuga ==== − The fourth and the last Yuga of a Chaturyuga cycle. The current Kaliyuga began with the ascendance of Srikrishna from the earth after the Mahabharata war more than 5,000 years ago. Indian astronomical texts fix the time and date of the onset of current Kaliyuga either at the midnight of February 17/18 or the sunrise of February 18 of 3102 B.C., which is the Chaitra Sukla Pratipad of Vikrama Purva 3045 by the Indian calendar. − − === Kalpa === − Period of one thousand Chaturyugas, forming a day of Brahma. A Kalpa is divided into 14 Manvantaras, and there is a Manu, the patriarch, of each of the 14 Manvantaras. The largest Indian time cycle is that of 100 years of the life of Brahma, which is called a Para and half of it is Parardha. Currently we are in the Vaivasvata Manvantara, the seventh Manvantara of the Svetavaraha Kalpa, which is at the beginning of the second Parardha, or the fifty-first year of the current 100 year cycle of Brahma.
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While in the [[Vedanga Jyotisha (वेदाङ्गज्योतिष्)|Vedanga Jyotisha]] the word yuga was used to mean a period of 5 years, in later works the word meant a large period of time.
While in the [[Vedanga Jyotisha (वेदाङ्गज्योतिष्)|Vedanga Jyotisha]] the word yuga was used to mean a period of 5 years, in later works the word meant a large period of time.
[[File:Kalachakra.png|thumb|557.969x557.969px|Yugas and Kalpa ]]
[[File:Kalachakra.png|thumb|653.965x653.965px|Yugas and Kalpa ]]
=== युगम् ॥ Yuga ===
An epoch. One of the four large periods into which the basic Chaturyuga cycle is divided, it forms the basic Indian cycle of creation and destruction. According to the puranas and the astronomical texts one Chaturyuga consists of 43,20,000 solar years. Thousand Chaturyugas form a Kalpa, which is the larger cycle of creation and destruction, and is seen as a day of Brahma. The four Yugas comprising the Chaturyuga are: Krita, Treta, Dvapara and Kali.
==== Krita Yuga ====
The first Yuga of the Chaturyuga cycle. In this Yuga Dharma represented by the bull supporting the universe stands securely on all four legs. The four legs of Dharma are said to be Satya, Ahimsa, Daya, Dana, truth, non-injury, kindness and generosity, respectively, in rough translation. According to the calculations of the Puranas, the length of the Krita yuga is 17,28,000 years. But with the passage of time, the universe starts getting more and more complex. The innate order starts getting disturbed. Dharma starts getting weakened. And, towards the end of Krita, the creator has to take birth on earth in various forms to re-establish the dharma.
==== Treta Yuga ====
The second Yuga of the Chaturyuga cycle. In this Yuga the bull representing Dharma stands on three feet.
==== Dvapara Yuga ====
The third of the four yugas of the Chaturyuga cycle. In this Yuga the bull representing dharma, that holds the earth, is left with only two feet. Dvapara in the current Chaturyuga begins with the ascendance of Srirama and ends with the ascendance of Srikrishna from the earth.
==== Kali Yuga ====
The fourth and the last Yuga of a Chaturyuga cycle. The current Kaliyuga began with the ascendance of Srikrishna from the earth after the Mahabharata war more than 5,000 years ago. Indian astronomical texts fix the time and date of the onset of current Kaliyuga either at the midnight of February 17/18 or the sunrise of February 18 of 3102 B.C., which is the Chaitra Sukla Pratipad of Vikrama Purva 3045 by the Indian calendar.
=== Kalpa ===
Period of one thousand Chaturyugas, forming a day of Brahma. A Kalpa is divided into 14 Manvantaras, and there is a Manu, the patriarch, of each of the 14 Manvantaras. The largest Indian time cycle is that of 100 years of the life of Brahma, which is called a Para and half of it is Parardha. Currently we are in the Vaivasvata Manvantara, the seventh Manvantara of the Svetavaraha Kalpa, which is at the beginning of the second Parardha, or the fifty-first year of the current 100 year cycle of Brahma.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Unit
!Unit
|30 Muhūrta
|30 Muhūrta
|≈ 24 h
|≈ 24 h
|}
|}
== Madhu Vidya and Kala ==
== Madhu Vidya and Kala ==