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'''प्रमाणाः ॥ Pramanas'''  

'''प्रमाणाः ॥ Pramanas'''  

The Naiyayikas (the Nyaya scholars) accepted four valid means of obtaining valid knowledge (pramana) - pratyakṣa Pramana - perception, anumāna Pramana inference, Shabda Pramana meaning Verbal authority and upamāna Pramana- comparison and śabda , word/testimony of reliable sources. Ayurveda Samhita mention all these 4 pramanas as means of knowledge. Upamana pramana is the tool for acquiring knowledge through the use of comparison and analogy. Such use of analogy and comparison is considered as a valid means of conditional knowledge, as it helps the individual to identify or gain knowledge of something that is not perceivable to his five senses directly at that point of time. (James Lochtefeld, "Upamana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing. <nowiki>ISBN 0-8239-2287-1</nowiki>, page 721) Ayurveda has made use of this at numerous places like while describing the body structure, organs, processes, nature of pain in a disease etc. (Cha. Vi.8/42)

The Naiyayikas (the Nyaya scholars) accepted four valid means of obtaining valid knowledge pratyakṣa Pramana - perception, anumāna Pramana- inference, Shabda Pramana-Verbal authority and upamāna Pramana- comparison and śabda- word/testimony of reliable sources. Ayurveda Samhita mention all these 4 pramanas as means of knowledge. Upamana pramana is the tool for acquiring knowledge through the use of comparison and analogy. Use of analogy and comparison is considered as a valid means of conditional knowledge.  This enables individual to identify or gain knowledge of something that is not perceivable to his five senses directly at that point of time. Ayurveda has made use of this at numerous places like while describing the body structure, organs, processes, nature of pain in a disease etc. (Cha. Vi.8/42)

Pundareek sadrusham hrudayam..  (Su. Shaa  

Pundareek sadrusham hrudayam..  (Su. Shaa  

=== तद्विद्यसंभाषा वादमार्गपदानि च ॥ Tadvidya Sambhasha and Vadamarga padas ===

=== तद्विद्यसंभाषा वादमार्गपदानि च ॥ Tadvidya Sambhasha and Vadamarga padas ===

In line with their objective of assessing and analysing the means of acquiring valid knowledge of any subject, Naiyayikas have discussed methods like Tadvidya sambhasha, Vadamargas, Tantrayuktis etc. Acharya Charaka encourages a Bhishak to interact with the other Bhishak or group of them. This discussion is termed as Sambhasha. Acharya Charaka advocates the participation of Bhishak in such Sambhashas in order to promote advancement of knowledge, skills, clarifying doubts, generating new ideas, recognising the hidden meaning of the verses mentioned in brief and thus enhancing the understanding of a particular topic. A methodical approach to discus in such sambhashas has also been mentioned by describing 44 Vadamarga padas, the concept adopted from Nyaya Darshana.

In line with their objective of assessing and analyzing the means of acquiring valid knowledge of any subject, Naiyayikas have discussed methods like Tadvidya sambhasha, Vadamargas, Tantrayuktis etc. Acharya Charaka encourages a Bhishak (Ayurvedic practitioner or Vaidya) to interact with the other Bhishak or group of Bhishaks. This discussion is termed as Sambhasha. Acharya Charaka advocates the participation of Bhishak in such Sambhashas in order to promote advancement of knowledge, skills, clarifying doubts, generating new ideas, recognizing the hidden meaning of the verses mentioned in brief and thus enhancing the understanding of a particular topic. A methodical approach to discus in such sambhashas is mentioned by describing 44 Vadamarga padas. This concept is adopted from Nyaya Darshana.

=== कार्य अभिनिर्वृत्तिकराः भावाः ॥ Karya abhinirvruttikara Ghatakas ===

=== कार्य अभिनिर्वृत्तिकराः भावाः ॥ Karya abhinirvruttikara Ghatakas ===

Charaka Samhita Vimanasthana describes 10 types of important factors that constitute or lead to the successful treatment. These 10 factors are Kaarana, Karana, KAryayoni, Karya, KAryaphala, Anubandha, Desha, Kala, Pravrutti and Upaya. Dhatusamya has been stated to be the Karya in Ayurveda. All 10 factors mentioned above are considered as the components of successful treatment. All these 10 factors are adopted from Nyaya Darshana wherein Naiyayikas (The Nyaya scholars) have described them as the 10 factors helping in accomplishing any kind of Karya. Charaka says, if one proceeds for any action after knowing all these 10 factors well, he certainly obtains the desired fruit and subsequent benefit without any obstacles.  Thus he advises that, every physician willing to take up any action towards treating the disease, should examine these 10 factors in context of Ayurveda beforehand and further also provides details regarding each factor and their assessment methods. This methodical approach towards the diagnosis, assessment and action suggested by Charaka represents one more Nyaya darshana theory accepted in Ayurveda in the frame of reference of Ayurveda. (Cha.VI 8/68)

Charaka Samhita Vimanasthana describes 10 types of important factors that are considered as the essential components of the successful treatment. These 10 factors are Kaarana, Karana, Karyayoni, Karya, Karyaphala, Anubandha, Desha, Kala, Pravrutti and Upaya. Dhatusamya has been described as the Karya in Ayurvedic treatment. All these 10 factors are adopted from Nyaya Darshana wherein Naiyayikas (The Nyaya scholars) have described them as the 10 factors helping in accomplishing any kind of Karya. Charaka says, if one proceeds for any action after knowing all these 10 factors well, he certainly obtains the desired fruit and subsequent benefit without any obstacles.  Thus he advises that, every physician willing to take up any step towards treating the disease, should examine these 10 factors in context of Ayurveda beforehand. Further he also provides details of each factor and their assessment methods. This methodical approach towards the diagnosis, assessment and action suggested by Charaka represents acceptance of one more Nyaya darshana theory in Ayurveda. (Cha.VI 8/68)

=== तन्त्रयुक्तिः ॥ Tantrayukti ===

=== तन्त्रयुक्तिः ॥ Tantrayukti ===

Ayurveda is one of the Shastras offering the knowledge regarding specific topic and this knowledge if offered through various scriptures.  Initially the knowledge of Ayurveda was transferred through oral tradition. Later as the transfer of knowledge continued various scholars composed the treatises like Agnivesha Samhita, Sushruta Samhita. These scholars composed these treatises in a specific manner. They used methodical tools named ‘Tantrayukti’ originally described by Nyaya Darshana to compose the theory in treatises. Thus it is important to understand these tools or Tantrayuktis in order to interpret and thoroughly understand the shastra. Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hrudaya are the major treatises referred in Ayurveda and all of them have made use of Tantrayuktis provided by Nyaya darshana to compose the texts. (Ref)

Ayurveda is one of the Shastras offering the knowledge regarding specific topic and this knowledge if offered through various scriptures.  Initially the knowledge of Ayurveda was transferred through oral tradition. Later as the transfer of knowledge continued various scholars composed the treatises like Agnivesha Samhita, Sushruta Samhita. These scholars composed these treatises in a specific manner. They used methodical tools named ‘Tantrayukti’ originally described by Nyaya Darshana to compose the treatises. Thus it is important to understand these tools or Tantrayuktis to be able to interpret and thoroughly understand the shastra. Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hrudaya are the main authoritative texts in Ayurveda and all of them have made use of Tantrayuktis provided by Nyaya darshana to compose the texts. (Ref)

== पूर्व मीमांसा आयुर्वेदः च॥ Poorva Mimansa and Ayurveda ==

== पूर्व मीमांसा आयुर्वेदः च॥ Poorva Mimansa and Ayurveda ==