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=== परमाणुवादः ॥ Paramanu vada ===

=== परमाणुवादः ॥ Paramanu vada ===

Vaisheshikas are the pioneers in proposing the concept of Paramanu which is regarded as the indestructible part of the substance. These extremely minute parts called Paramanu have also been mentioned in Ayurveda while describing the body constituents. Charaka Samhita refers the tiny avayavas in Body as ‘Paramanu’ inspired from Vaisheshikas. (Cha. Sha….)

Vaisheshikas are the pioneers in proposing the concept of Paramanu which is regarded as the indestructible part of the substance. These extremely minute parts called Paramanu have also been mentioned in Ayurveda while describing the body constituents. Charaka Samhita refers the tiny avayavas in Body as ‘Paramanu’ inspired from Vaisheshikas. {{Citation needed}}(Cha. Sha….)

=== पाकजोत्पत्ति सिद्धान्तम् ॥ Pakajotpatti siddhanta ===

=== पाकजोत्पत्ति सिद्धान्तम् ॥ Pakajotpatti siddhanta ===

=== प्रमाणाः ॥ Pramanas ===

=== प्रमाणाः ॥ Pramanas ===

Ayurveda has accepted all 3 pramanas viz. Pratyaksha, Anumana and Shabda as mentioned by Vaisheshikas. <blockquote>त्रिविधम् खलु रोगविषेशविग्यानम् भवति- तद् यथा आप्तोपदेशः, प्रत्यक्षं, अनुमानं चेति।– (Char. Samh. Vima. 4.3) <ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Meaning: There are 3 means to acquire knowledge about rogas (Diseases) viz.  

Ayurveda has accepted all 3 pramanas viz. Pratyaksha, Anumana and Shabda as mentioned by Vaisheshikas. <blockquote>त्रिविधम् खलु रोगविषेशविज्ञानम् भवति- तद् यथा आप्तोपदेशः, प्रत्यक्षं, अनुमानं चेति।– (Char. Samh. Vima. 4.3) <ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>''trividham khalu rogaviṣeśavijñānam bhavati- tad yathā āptopadeśaḥ, pratyakṣaṁ, anumānaṁ ceti।''</blockquote>Meaning: There are 3 means to acquire knowledge about rogas (Diseases) viz.  

# Aptopadesha   

# आप्तोपदेशः॥ Aptopadesha   

# Pratyaksha and  

# प्रत्यक्षम्॥ Pratyaksha and  

# Anumana.

# अनुमानम्॥ Anumana

As mentioned earlier, Ayurveda accepts all these Pramanas as means to obtain knowledge of life.

As mentioned earlier, Ayurveda accepts all these Pramanas as means to obtain knowledge of life.

Acharya Charaka mentions that there are limitations in obtaining the knowledge of all the elements and process happening inside the body using 5 senses of a physician. Hence knowledge obtained through 5 senses is limited whereas the knowledge that can be obtained using the method of inference is huge. This emphasizes the importance of use of Anumana pramana.

Acharya Charaka mentions that there are limitations in obtaining the knowledge of all the elements and process happening inside the body using 5 senses of a physician. Hence knowledge obtained through 5 senses is limited whereas the knowledge that can be obtained using the method of inference is huge. This emphasizes the importance of use of Anumana pramana.<blockquote>प्रत्यक्षमल्पमनल्पं हि अप्रत्यक्षम् ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>''pratyakṣamalpamanalpaṁ hi apratyakṣam ॥''</blockquote>Meaning: The knowledge of the padarthas existing in this world which can be gained using Pratksha pramana is limited or lesser than the knowledge that can be gained using Anumana pramana.

While diagnosing and treating various diseases, Ayurveda advises a Vaidya to make use of his 5 senses to gain knowledge of the state of diseases and a diseased. In ancient times when the technology was not developed and the diagnosis was not done on the basis of laboratory reports, Pratyaksha (Direct perception) and Anumana (Inference) were the only ways to assess and evaluate. Hence many important parameters of health were assessed on the basis of Anumana Pramana. Few examples of such evaluation include assessment of Strength of individual on the basis of his capacity to exercise, Assessment of strength of Agni (Indicative of digestive power in human body) on the basis of one's ability to digest certain types of foods etc. Thus, use of Anumana Pramana is considered crucial for diagnosis, assessment, evaluation and treatment in Ayurveda.

 

While diagnosing and treating various diseases, Ayurveda advises a Vaidya to make use of his 5 senses to gain knowledge of the state of diseases and a diseased. In ancient times when the technology was not developed and the diagnosis was not done on the basis of laboratory reports, Pratyaksha (Direct perception) and Anumana (Inference) were the only ways to assess and evaluate. Hence many important parameters of health were assessed on the basis of Anumana Pramana. Few examples of such evaluation include assessment of Strength of individual on the basis of his capacity to exercise, Assessment of strength of Agni (Indicative of digestive power in human body) on the basis of one's ability to digest certain types of foods etc. Thus, use of Anumana Pramana is considered crucial for diagnosis, assessment, evaluation and treatment in Ayurveda.  

== न्यायदर्शनम् आयुर्वेदः च॥  Nyaya Darshana and Ayurveda ==

== न्यायदर्शनम् आयुर्वेदः च॥  Nyaya Darshana and Ayurveda ==

=== कार्य अभिनिर्वृत्तिकराः भावाः ॥ Karya abhinirvruttikara Ghatakas ===

=== कार्य अभिनिर्वृत्तिकराः भावाः ॥ Karya abhinirvruttikara Ghatakas ===

Charaka Samhita Vimanasthana describes 10 types of important factors that constitute or lead to the successful treatment. These 10 factors are Kaarana, Karana, KAryayoni, Karya, KAryaphala, Anubandha, Desha, Kala, Pravrutti and Upaya. Dhatusamya has been stated to be the Karya in Ayurveda. All 10 factors mentioned above are considered as the components of successful treatment. All these 10 factors are adopted from Nyaya Darshana wherein Naiyayikas (The Nyaya scholars) have described them as the 10 factors helping in accomplishing any kind of Karya. Charaka says, if one proceeds for any action after knowing all these 10 factors well, he certainly obtains the desired fruit and subsequent benefit without any obstacles.  Thus he advices that, every physician willing to take up any action towards treating the disease should examine these 10 factors in context of Ayurveda beforehand and further also provides details regarding each factor and their assessment methods. This methodical approach towards the diagnosis, assessment and action suggested by Charaka represents one more Nyaya darshana theory accepted in Ayurveda in the frame of reference of Ayurveda. (Cha.VI 8/68)

Charaka Samhita Vimanasthana describes 10 types of important factors that constitute or lead to the successful treatment. These 10 factors are Kaarana, Karana, KAryayoni, Karya, KAryaphala, Anubandha, Desha, Kala, Pravrutti and Upaya. Dhatusamya has been stated to be the Karya in Ayurveda. All 10 factors mentioned above are considered as the components of successful treatment. All these 10 factors are adopted from Nyaya Darshana wherein Naiyayikas (The Nyaya scholars) have described them as the 10 factors helping in accomplishing any kind of Karya. Charaka says, if one proceeds for any action after knowing all these 10 factors well, he certainly obtains the desired fruit and subsequent benefit without any obstacles.  Thus he advises that, every physician willing to take up any action towards treating the disease, should examine these 10 factors in context of Ayurveda beforehand and further also provides details regarding each factor and their assessment methods. This methodical approach towards the diagnosis, assessment and action suggested by Charaka represents one more Nyaya darshana theory accepted in Ayurveda in the frame of reference of Ayurveda. (Cha.VI 8/68)

=== तन्त्रयुक्तिः ॥ Tantrayukti ===

=== तन्त्रयुक्तिः ॥ Tantrayukti ===

Poorva mimansa is the school of philosophy belonging to Darshana shastras, which believes in the role of actions performed during one’s lifetime. These actions mainly in the form of rituals like Ygyas, yagas performed by an individual are believed to leave some impact on his life. Thus, the proponents of Poorva mimansa believe in engaging human beings in rituals that will help in creating good karma. Performing Yagyas, yagas is called as Karmakanda which is regarded as the mode of achieving moksha by Poorva mimansakas. The basis of advocating such KArmakanda for Moksha prapti is that, Poorva Mimansa Darshana believes in the entity called 'Apurv’ which develops as a consequence of actions performed by an individual in this world and in the current life. It is thus appraised that this school of philosophy also believes the correlated theories like past life, concepts like Pap, Punyakarma (virtuous actions), Hell and heaven.  

Poorva mimansa is the school of philosophy belonging to Darshana shastras, which believes in the role of actions performed during one’s lifetime. These actions mainly in the form of rituals like Ygyas, yagas performed by an individual are believed to leave some impact on his life. Thus, the proponents of Poorva mimansa believe in engaging human beings in rituals that will help in creating good karma. Performing Yagyas, yagas is called as Karmakanda which is regarded as the mode of achieving moksha by Poorva mimansakas. The basis of advocating such KArmakanda for Moksha prapti is that, Poorva Mimansa Darshana believes in the entity called 'Apurv’ which develops as a consequence of actions performed by an individual in this world and in the current life. It is thus appraised that this school of philosophy also believes the correlated theories like past life, concepts like Pap, Punyakarma (virtuous actions), Hell and heaven.  

There are some subjects in Ayurveda which appear to be based on similar theory. Ayurveda is unique in its approach while describing the types of treatment like DAivavyapashraya Chikitsa.

There are some subjects in Ayurveda which appear to be based on similar theory. Ayurveda is unique in its approach while describing the types of treatment like Daivavyapashraya Chikitsa.

This category of chikitsa includes performing particular Yagyas, Yagas, chanting Mantras, holding precious gems or stones to eliminate the possible effect of Karma of present or past life, as a treatment. Ayurveda calls this incomprehensible effect of past life as ‘Daiva’ and provides the means to eliminate its ill effects on body manifested in the form of disease.

This category of chikitsa includes performing particular Yagyas, Yagas, chanting Mantras, holding precious gems or stones to eliminate the possible effect of Karma of present or past life, as a treatment. Ayurveda calls this incomprehensible effect of past life as ‘Daiva’ and provides the means to eliminate its ill effects on body manifested in the form of disease.<blockquote>पूर्वजन्मकृतं पापं व्याधिरुपेण बाध्यते ॥ {{Citation needed}}</blockquote><blockquote>''pūrvajanmakr̥taṁ pāpaṁ vyādhirupeṇa bādhyate ॥''</blockquote>

 

While describing the categories of diseases, Acharyas have considered diseases caused as a result of probable effect of karma of past life under Adhidaivika Vyadhi. And the methods to treat such type of diseases have been described which include performing Yagyas, chanting mantras etc. Thus, it follows that Ayurveda accepts the theory of positive effects of performing karmakanda/ Yagyas for elimination of ill effects of karma within the scope of Ayurveda to achieve the ultimate objective ‘Ayu’ and good health.  

While describing the categories of diseases, Acharyas have considered diseases caused as a result of probable effect of karma of past life under Adhidaivika Vyadhi. And the methods to treat such type of diseases have been described which include performing Yagyas, chanting mantras etc. Thus, it follows that Ayurveda accepts the theory of positive effects of performing karmakanda/ Yagyas for elimination of ill effects of karma within the scope of Ayurveda to achieve the ultimate objective ‘Ayu’ and good health.  

Maharsi vyasa is recognized as the expounder of this system and sankaracharya is the unanimous professor and preceptor of Vedanta darsana.

Maharsi vyasa is recognized as the expounder of this system and sankaracharya is the unanimous professor and preceptor of Vedanta darsana.

Various references available in charka samhita and other ayurvedic literature reflect that Vedanta had played some important role in influencing the metaphysical thinking in ayurveda.

Various references available in Charaka samhita and other Ayurvedic literature reflect that Vedanta had played some important role in influencing the metaphysical thinking in Ayurveda.

 

‘Lokapurusha nyaya’ is one of the fundamental principles of Ayurveda. It states that, whatever is present inside the Purusha is there in the Universe and vice versa. In other words, Purusha reflect the mini cosmos inside him hence there exists great similarity between the elements and functions of cosmos and a living being. While describing this Acharya Charaka says that,

 

 

Meaning: whatever existing constituents are present in universe, the same are present in the Purusha; similarly, whatever existing constituents form Purusha, can be observed in the universe.  

लोकपुरुष न्यायः ॥ ‘Lokapurusha nyaya’ is one of the fundamental principles of Ayurveda. It states that, whatever is present inside the Purusha is there in the Universe and vice versa. In other words, Purusha reflect the mini cosmos inside him hence there exists great similarity between the elements and functions of cosmos and a living being. While describing this Acharya Charaka says that, <blockquote>यावन्ताः लोके मूर्तिमन्तः भावविशेषाः तावन्ताः पुरुषे, यावन्ताः पुरुषे तावन्ताः लोके ॥- (Char. Shar. 5/3)</blockquote><blockquote>''yāvantāḥ loke mūrtimantaḥ bhāvaviśeṣāḥ tāvantāḥ puruṣe, yāvantāḥ puruṣe tāvantāḥ loke ॥''</blockquote>Meaning: whatever existing constituents are present in universe, the same are present in the Purusha; similarly, whatever existing constituents form Purusha, can be observed in the universe.

Further Acharya Charaka also provides a list of constituents of Purusha and Loka (Universe) which are similar or display congruence or resemblance. (Cha. Sharir. Purushavichaya sharira)

Further Acharya Charaka also provides a list of constituents of Purusha and Loka (Universe) which are similar or display congruence or resemblance. (Cha. Sharir. Purushavichaya sharira)